Neighborhoods, Speech Patterns, and Schooling

社区、言语模式和学校教育

• 批准号: 8112557
• 负责人: Jens Ludwig
• 金额: $ 18.2万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-08-01 至 2013-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8112557
• 关键词: Academic achievement; Accounting; Acoustics; Address; Adult; African American; Age; American; Area; Baltimore; Boston; Censuses; Chicago; Child; Cities; Code; Communities; Complement; Confidentiality; Control Groups; Data; Data Collection; Data Set; Disadvantaged; Discrimination; Education; Eligibility Determination; Enrollment; Environment; Evaluation; Experimental Designs; Family; Female; Funding; Genetic Transcription; Housing; Income; Intervention; Life; Light; Linguistics; Link; Longitudinal Surveys; Los Angeles; Low income; Marketing; Measurement; Measures; Mediating; Minority; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Nature; Neighborhoods; New York; Outcome; Outcome Measure; Pattern; Perception; Phonetics; Population Study; Poverty; Public Housing; Race; Randomized; Reading; Request for Proposals; Research; Resources; Sampling; Schools; Sex Characteristics; Social Environment; Social Policies; Source; Speech; Surveys; Variant; Writing; Youth; authority; cohort; design; falls; male; metropolitan; payment; phonology; programs; public health relevance; research study; teacher; voucher

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal requests funding to launch a research program to understand how and why speech patterns vary across neighborhoods, as well as the implications of speech for the schooling outcomes of disadvantaged children. Speech is socially constructed, and so neighborhood environments may have some effect on the use of dialects such as African-American Vernacular English (AAVE). Previous research suggests use of AAVE is negatively associated with academic achievement, which could occur if AAVE makes it more difficult to read and write standard American English (SAE), or because use of AAVE may engender discrimination from teachers. We have assembled a team of leading economists and socio-linguists to address these questions by exploiting unique new speech data collected using comparable speech measures as part of the HUD-funded Moving to Opportunity (MTO) randomized mobility experiment, and as part of a major population study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort (NLSY97). We request funding for the following main aims: 1. Transcribe speech samples from MTO and NLSY97, categorize speech through listener perceptions of the speaker's race, as well as linguistic analysis, which will include measurement of phonological, morphosyntactic, phonetic, and acoustic features; 2. Document the amount of across-neighborhood variation in speech that exists in the national NLSY97 sample, and determine how much of this variation is accounted for by family background; 3. Estimate the causal effects of neighborhood environments on the speech patterns of some of our nation's most disadvantaged minority children by exploiting the experimental design of MTO; 4. Use the NLSY97 to establish where in the national speech distribution MTO youth fall as a way of understanding the magnitude of speech impacts and the generalizability of the MTO results; 5. Exploit variation in MTO children's age at baseline to determine how the sensitivity of speech to environmental conditions varies by age (which has been a major question in the socio-linguistics field); 6. Determine whether the speech patterns of male and female youth respond differently to neighborhood social environments, as research in socio-linguistics suggests could be the case and which in turn could potentially explain gender differences in MTO impacts on youth found in previous MTO research; 7. Estimate non-experimentally the association between speech and schooling outcomes in the MTO and NLSY97 data, and whether speech mediates neighborhood effects on schooling; 8. Create versions of the MTO and NLSY97 datasets to be made available for secondary analysis. Successfully addressing these aims would generate new evidence about how and why speech varies across neighborhoods and the potential implications of this speech variation for schooling outcomes, and would also help motivate and guide future research that seeks to identify the causal speech-schooling link. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This proposal requests funding to launch a research program to understand how and why speech patterns vary across neighborhoods, as well as the implications of speech patterns for the schooling outcomes of children growing up in disadvantaged communities. Our research seeks to shed additional light on the out-of-school factors that contribute to disparities in schooling and related life outcomes across neighborhoods, which may help guide the design of new education and social policy interventions to remediate these disparities.

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案要求资助启动一项研究计划，以了解不同社区的言语模式如何以及为何有所不同，以及言语对弱势儿童学业成绩的影响。言语是社会建构的，因此邻里环境可能会对非裔美国人白话英语 (AAVE) 等方言的使用产生一些影响。先前的研究表明，AAVE 的使用与学业成绩呈负相关，如果 AAVE 使标准美式英语 (SAE) 的读写变得更加困难，或者因为使用 AAVE 可能会引起教师的歧视，则可能会出现这种情况。我们组建了一个由领先的经济学家和社会语言学家组成的团队，通过利用使用可比言语测量收集的独特的新言语数据来解决这些问题，这些数据是 HUD 资助的“走向机会”(MTO) 随机流动实验的一部分，也是一项主要人口研究——全国青年纵向调查，1997 年队列 (NLSY97) 的一部分。我们请求资金用于以下主要目标： 1. 转录来自 MTO 和 NLSY97 的语音样本，通过听众对说话者种族的看法对语音进行分类，以及语言分析，其中包括语音、形态句法、语音和声学特征的测量； 2. 记录全国 NLSY97 样本中存在的跨社区言语差异量，并确定家庭背景对这种差异的影响程度； 3. 通过利用 MTO 的实验设计，估计邻里环境对我国一些最弱势的少数民族儿童的言语模式的因果影响； 4. 使用 NLSY97 确定 MTO 青少年在全国言语分布中的位置，以此作为了解言语影响的程度和 MTO 结果的普遍性的一种方式； 5. 利用 MTO 儿童基线年龄的变化来确定言语对环境条件的敏感性如何随年龄变化（这一直是社会语言学领域的一个主要问题）； 6. 确定男性和女性青少年的言语模式对邻里社会环境的反应是否不同，正如社会语言学研究表明的情况可能如此，这反过来又可能解释先前 MTO 研究中发现的 MTO 对青少年影响的性别差异； 7. 以非实验方式估计 MTO 和 NLSY97 数据中言语与学习成果之间的关联，以及言语是否介导邻里对学校教育的影响； 8. 创建 MTO 和 NLSY97 数据集的版本以供二次分析。成功实现这些目标将产生新的证据，说明不同社区之间的言语差异如何以及为何存在差异，以及这种言语差异对学校教育成果的潜在影响，并且还将有助于激励和指导未来旨在确定言语与学校教育因果关系的研究。 公共卫生相关性：该提案要求提供资金来启动一项研究计划，以了解不同社区的言语模式如何以及为何有所不同，以及言语模式对弱势社区中成长的儿童的学业成绩的影响。我们的研究旨在进一步阐明导致社区之间学校教育和相关生活成果差异的校外因素，这可能有助于指导新的教育和社会政策干预措施的设计，以纠正这些差异。