Biophysics of development buffering: Temperature as a tool to study how the cytos

发育缓冲的生物物理学：温度作为研究细胞如何发育的工具

• 批准号: 8106442
• 负责人: LANCE A. DAVIDSON
• 金额: $ 18.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-07-07 至 2013-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8106442
• 关键词: Actins; Affect; Animals; Biochemical Process; Biochemical Reaction; Biological Assay; Biophysics; Buffers; Cell Communication; Cells; Complement; Congenital Abnormality; Coupled; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Cytoskeleton; Defect; Dependence; Development; Embryo; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Exhibits; F-Actin; Fever; Generations; Genetic; Genetic Transcription; Goals; Health; Health Hazards; Heat Stress Disorders; Human; In Vitro; Incidence; Mechanics; Methods; Molecular Genetics; Morphogenesis; Movement; Myosin ATPase; Pathway interactions; Population; Process; Property; Proteins; Reporter; Resistance; Risk Factors; Role; Shapes; Speed; Stress; Substrate Interaction; Temperature; Teratogens; Testing; Tissues; Variant; Xenopus; base; crosslink; design; egg; embryo cell; genetic regulatory protein; improved; in vivo; mechanical behavior; novel; polymerization; public health relevance; research study; response; stressor; tool; viscoelasticity

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): To decipher the causes developmental defects and to improve methods of identifying potential teratogens, we need to understand the processes that buffer development against environmental stresses. Temperature affects all biochemical processes, so the mechanisms that allow coordinated development across a broad range of temperatures are likely to buffer against other types of perturbations as well. Furthermore heat stress, whether due to fever or other environmental exposures, is a significant risk factor in many birth defects (Milunsky et al., 1992; Chambers et al., 1998; Acs et al., 2005; Edwards, 2006). Development occurs successfully despite many environmental and genetic stressors, yet it can fail dramatically in response to other stresses, or to stresses above a threshold (Hamdoun and Epel, 2007). Here we propose a novel biophysical study of the mechanisms that buffer morphogenesis against perturbations. Morphogenesis is a mechanical process in that cell-generated forces move and deform tissues to drive shape change, and these forces are resisted by the viscoelastic properties of the developing tissues (Koehl, 1990; Hutson et al., 2003). The mechanics of embryo is likely to be a readout of the expression, localization and activity of a very large network of interacting gene products, including actin, myosin, regulatory proteins, and many others, most of which are highly conserved among animal species (Davidson et al., 2009). Hence we expect embryo mechanical properties to be sensitive reporters of potential teratogenicity and other effects relevant to human health. Temperature-dependence of the speed of morphogenetic movements (Bachmann, 1969), and temperature-dependence of cell mechanics (Sunyer et al., 2009b) strongly suggest that temperature- dependence of cellular force generation and of the mechanical resistance to those forces must have a role in the temperature-dependence of development. To determine how the mechanics of the embryo is regulated in the face of temperature variation we propose the following two aims: Aim 1: Identify biophysical contributions to developmental buffering. We will test whether tissue viscoelasticity and force generation exhibit coupled responses to a broad-spectrum environmental perturbation, temperature. Morphogenetic rates increase rapidly with temperature in ectothermic animals. We will test whether temperature-dependence of force generation and viscoelastic resistance can explain the temperature- dependence of morphogenetic movements. We will then test whether temperature affects the sensitivity of morphogenesis to perturbations in cytoskeletal function. Aim 2: Identify the role of specific cytoskeletal proteins in the temperature dependence of viscoelasticity and contractility. We will use cytoplasmic extracts from Xenopus eggs to investigate the contribution of the cytoskeleton - in the absence of transcription, and cell-cell or cell-substrate interactions - to the temperature dependence of viscoelasticity and force generation. We will use in vitro and in vivo experiments to test the contribution of myosin, actin crosslinking, and F-actin polymerization state to the temperature dependence of force and resistance. Together these aims constitute a novel biophysical approach to understanding how cells and embryos are buffered against environmental perturbations. These aims will help in understanding the contributions of the cytoskeleton and cellular biophysics to birth defects. In particular it will aid in understanding the mechanisms by which hyperthermia causes birth defects. Since temperature effects all biochemical reactions, these same mechanisms are likely to contribute to developmental defects caused by other stresses. These aims will also help us design novel bioassays based on the mechanical behavior of embryos to identify potential environmental health hazards. This approach complements the extensive body of existing studies on the genetics and molecular pathways involved morphogenesis and birth defects. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The goal of this proposal is to decipher the causes developmental defects and to improve methods of identifying potential teratogens. To achieve this goal we need to understand the processes that buffer development against environmental stresses such as temperature by identifying biophysical contributions to developmental buffering and identifying the role of specific cytoskeletal proteins in the temperature dependence of viscoelasticity and contractility. The significance of this proposal is the mechanistic analysis of birth defects from physical principles and understanding the incidence of birth defects in terms of population variation and interaction of cell- and cytoskeletal-mechanics with external risk factors such as maternal fever.

描述（由申请人提供）：为了解释发育缺陷的原因并改进识别潜在致畸剂的方法，我们需要了解缓冲发育对抗环境压力的过程。温度影响所有的生物化学过程，因此，允许在广泛的温度范围内协调发展的机制也可能对其他类型的扰动起到缓冲作用。此外，热应激，无论是由于发烧还是其他环境暴露，都是许多出生缺陷的重要风险因素（Milunsky等人，1992; Chambers等人，1998; Acs等人，2005; Edwards，2006）。尽管有许多环境和遗传压力因素，但发育仍然成功，但在应对其他压力或超过阈值的压力时可能会显着失败（Hamdoun和Epel，2007）。 在这里，我们提出了一个新的生物物理研究的机制，缓冲形态发生对扰动。形态发生是一种机械过程，其中细胞产生的力使组织移动和变形以驱动形状变化，并且这些力被发育组织的粘弹性抵抗（Koehl，1990; Hutson等人，2003年）。胚胎的机制可能是相互作用的基因产物的非常大的网络的表达、定位和活性的读出，所述相互作用的基因产物包括肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白、调节蛋白和许多其他蛋白，其中大多数在动物物种中是高度保守的（Davidson等人，2009年）。因此，我们预计胚胎的机械性能是潜在的致畸性和其他影响相关的人类健康的敏感报告。 形态发生运动速度的温度依赖性（Bachmann，1969）和细胞力学的温度依赖性（Sunyer等人，2009 b）强烈地表明细胞力产生的温度依赖性和对这些力的机械阻力的温度依赖性在发育的温度依赖性中一定有作用。为了确定胚胎的力学如何在面对温度变化时进行调节，我们提出了以下两个目标：目标1：确定发育缓冲的生物物理贡献。我们将测试组织粘弹性和力的产生是否表现出耦合响应的广谱环境扰动，温度。在变温动物中，形态发生率随温度的升高而迅速增加。我们将测试力产生和粘弹性阻力的温度依赖性是否可以解释形态发生运动的温度依赖性。然后，我们将测试温度是否影响形态发生的细胞骨架功能扰动的敏感性。 目的2：确定特定的细胞骨架蛋白质的粘弹性和收缩性的温度依赖性的作用。我们将使用从非洲爪蟾卵细胞质提取物调查的贡献的细胞骨架-在转录的情况下，和细胞-细胞或细胞-基板相互作用-粘弹性和力的产生的温度依赖性。我们将使用体外和体内实验来测试肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白交联和F-肌动蛋白聚合状态对力和阻力的温度依赖性的贡献。 这些目标共同构成了一种新的生物物理方法，以了解细胞和胚胎如何缓冲环境扰动。这些目标将有助于理解细胞骨架和细胞生物物理学对出生缺陷的贡献。特别是，它将有助于了解热疗导致出生缺陷的机制。由于温度影响所有的生物化学反应，这些相同的机制可能有助于其他压力引起的发育缺陷。这些目标还将帮助我们设计基于胚胎机械行为的新型生物测定，以识别潜在的环境健康危害。这种方法补充了现有的广泛的身体形态发生和出生缺陷的遗传学和分子途径的研究。 公共卫生关系：该提案的目标是破译发育缺陷的原因，并改进识别潜在畸形原的方法。为了实现这一目标，我们需要了解的过程中，缓冲发展对环境压力，如温度，通过确定生物物理的贡献，发展缓冲和确定特定的细胞骨架蛋白的作用，在粘弹性和收缩性的温度依赖性。这一建议的意义在于从物理原理出发对出生缺陷进行机理分析，并从人口变化以及细胞和细胞生物力学与产妇发热等外部风险因素的相互作用方面了解出生缺陷的发生率。