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Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology

粒子物理现象学研究所

基本信息

批准号：
ST/G000905/1
负责人：
Richard Keith Ellis
金额：
$ 2031.72万
依托单位：
Durham University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FG000905%2F1
关键词：
Institute Particle Physics Phenomenology

项目摘要

The Standard Model (SM) gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions has so far withstood all the challenges that LEP, HERA and the TEVATRON have been able to pose and the validity of the SM is confirmed --- with the unification of electromagnetism and weak interactions proved and tested to one part per mille. Strong interaction effects have been tested to the per cent level. Flavour phenomena have contributed as much as the gauge principle in shaping the overall structure of the SM and it is the existence of flavours (in both the lepton and quark sectors) that gives the SM its family and generation structure. In the quark sector the SM description of flavour phenomena is as successful as the SM predictions in the gauge sector and the CKM picture of mixing and CP violation is now verified at the few per cent level. However, the observation of neutrino oscillations, and the consequent evidence that neutrinos have mass calls for an extension of the SM and neutrino masses may become a window on physics at the grand unification scale. In 2008, particle physics stands poised at the verge of new and major experimental discoveries as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) starts to accelerate and collide protons at much higher energies than ever before. The LHC will open up the new territory of TeV scale physics, where the theoretical description of the known particles and interactions breaks down, necessitating the onset of new physics. Ground-breaking discoveries are expected. In particular, the mechanism responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking that is ultimately related to the understanding of the origin of the masses of all elementary particles will manifest itself at the TeV scale. It may give rise to one or more new elementary scalar particles, the Higgs bosons, to a new kind of strong interaction or to other possibly unexpected phenomena. Furthermore, it is expected that experiments at the TeV scale will be sensitive to effects of new physics contributions that stabilise the huge hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale. Prime candidates for physics beyond the SM are supersymmetry, which postulates a symmetry between fermions and bosons and embeds space--time into a ``superspace'', or additional dimensions of space, which may either be very small or even infinitely large. The high energy reach of the LHC will allow the exploration of TeV scale physics. However, the LHC experiments are significantly more complex than any previous particle physics experiment. Identifying the nature of physics at the TeV scale will require intense collaborative efforts between experimentalists and theorists. On the theoretical side, high-precision calculations of SM processes are needed to distinguish possible signals of new physics from SM backgrounds. Possible hints of new physics need to be compared with different models of physics beyond the SM in order to disentangle the underlying structure of TeV-scale physics. The IPPP has already established close connections with the UK and international experimental groups and is perfectly placed to help maximise the UK contribution to understanding the LHC data. Once the energy scale of new physics is identified, there will be a strong effort in planning and designing the next generation of particle physics experiments. The IPPP will continue its role in assessing the physics potential and the design of future accelerators, for example, through membership of the Global Design Effort for the International Linear Collider, and the International Design Study for the Neutrino Factory. The next decade promises to be pivotal in our understanding of the microscopic world. The IPPP will address fundamental questions about electroweak symmetry breaking, the structure of space-time, flavour physics and CP violation, neutrinos and lepton-flavour violation, and how particle physics connects with astrophysics and cosmology.

电磁、弱和强相互作用的标准模型（SM）规范理论迄今为止经受住了LEP、HERA和TEVATRON所能提出的所有挑战，SM的有效性得到了证实——电磁和弱相互作用的统一得到了证明，并经过了每英里一个部分的测试。强烈的相互作用效应已被测试到百分之百的水平。风味现象在形成SM整体结构方面的贡献与规范原理一样多，正是风味的存在（在轻子和夸克扇区）赋予了SM家族和世代结构。在夸克扇区，味现象的SM描述与规范扇区的SM预测一样成功，混合和CP违背的CKM图像现在在几个百分点的水平上得到了验证。然而，对中微子振荡的观测，以及随之而来的中微子具有质量的证据，要求扩展SM和中微子质量，这可能成为大统一尺度下物理学的一个窗口。2008年，随着大型强子对撞机（LHC）开始加速并以比以往更高的能量碰撞质子，粒子物理学站在了新的重大实验发现的边缘。大型强子对撞机将开辟TeV尺度物理学的新领域，在那里，已知粒子和相互作用的理论描述被打破，需要新的物理学的开始。预计会有突破性的发现。特别是，负责电弱对称性破缺的机制，最终关系到对所有基本粒子质量起源的理解，将在TeV尺度上表现出来。它可能产生一个或多个新的基本标量粒子，希格斯玻色子，一种新的强相互作用或其他可能意想不到的现象。此外，预计在TeV尺度上的实验将对稳定弱尺度和普朗克尺度之间巨大等级的新物理贡献的影响敏感。超越SM的物理学的主要候选者是超对称，它假设费米子和玻色子之间是对称的，并将时空嵌入到一个“超空间”中，或空间的额外维度，它可能非常小，甚至可能无限大。大型强子对撞机的高能量范围将允许探索TeV尺度的物理。然而，大型强子对撞机的实验比以往任何粒子物理实验都要复杂得多。确定TeV尺度下的物理性质需要实验家和理论家之间的密切合作。在理论方面，需要对SM过程进行高精度计算，以从SM背景中区分可能的新物理信号。为了解开tev尺度物理学的潜在结构，新物理学的可能线索需要与超越SM的不同物理模型进行比较。IPPP已经与英国和国际实验团体建立了密切的联系，并且完全有能力帮助英国最大限度地为理解LHC数据做出贡献。一旦确定了新物理的能量尺度，就会大力规划和设计下一代粒子物理实验。IPPP将继续在评估物理潜力和未来加速器的设计方面发挥作用，例如，通过加入国际线性对撞机全球设计努力和中微子工厂国际设计研究。未来十年将是我们对微观世界理解的关键时期。IPPP将解决以下基本问题：电弱对称性破缺、时空结构、风味物理和CP违反、中微子和轻子风味违反，以及粒子物理学如何与天体物理学和宇宙学联系起来。