Detection of engineered nanomaterials in drinking water, food, commercial product

饮用水、食品、商业产品中工程纳米材料的检测

• 批准号: 8074300
• 负责人: Paul K Westerhoff
• 金额: $ 1.82万
• 依托单位: ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-30 至 2011-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8074300
• 关键词: Affect; Aliquot; Archives; Arts; Biological; Blood; Blood Circulation; Body Burden; Caco-2 Cells; Categories; Cell Line; Characteristics; Chemicals; Colloids; Communities; Cosmetics; Coupled; Data; Data Analyses; Detection; Electron Microscopy; Engineering; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Exposure to; Food; Foundations; Fullerenes; General Population; Gold; Health; Human; Human Milk; Human body; Hydrophobicity; Image; In Vitro; Individual; International; Internet; Ions; Journals; Label; Laboratories; Liquid substance; Mass Spectrum Analysis; Measures; Medical; Metals; Methodology; Methods; Modeling; Nanotechnology; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Organic Chemicals; Peer Review; Pesticides; Plasma; Population; Procedures; Production; Property; Protocols documentation; Publishing; Radio; Recovery; Reproducibility; Research; Research Personnel; Risk Assessment; Safety; Sampling; Serum; Shapes; Silver; Solubility; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Toothpaste; Toxicology; Urine; Water; Whole Blood; Work; Workplace; analytical method; base; blood product; consumer product; dosage; drinking water; experience; exposed human population; falls; improved; in vivo; instrumentation; intestinal epithelium; liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy; metal oxide; metrology; nano; nanomaterials; nanoparticle; novel; particle; pollutant; public health relevance; surface coating; titanium dioxide; tool; uptake; validation studies

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nanotechnology is rapidly resulting in the production of nanomaterials (NMs) that will be used in everything from toothpaste to pesticides, yet the research community lacks adequate techniques to measure the size and concentration of nanomaterials in even the simplest of environmental and biological samples at levels which may be relevant to human exposures. The National Nanotechnology Initiative, including NIEHS, and other organizations ranks as a top priority the need to develop methods to quantify nanomaterials in matrices including drinking water, commercial products, blood and other biological matrices. The purpose of our proposed work is two-fold: first, we aim to develop state-of-the- art exposure assessment tools for nanomaterials for the international scientific, medical and regulatory community; second, we will identify and quantify the metrology gap between what exposure levels may be potentially harmful based on published toxicological data and the method detection limits that can be achieved for non-labeled commercial nanomaterials with current technology. Inorganic and carbonaceous nanomaterials are being synthesized in a wide range of sizes, shapes and with various surface coatings or functionalities. Consequently, people may soon be exposed to thousands of different types of nanomaterials in their workplace or during other daily activities. Risk assessments from these exposures are hampered by the lack of adequate detection capabilities. While electron microscopy and other techniques can image NMs in samples, they fall short of being able to quantify the size, number concentration and mass concentration of NMs which are thought to be crucial for understanding to properly assess NM exposures and effects. We hypothesize that two basic instrumentation platforms (ion coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy) can be developed in conjunction with sample pretreatment methods, involving extraction, separation and or concentration of NMs from environmental and biological samples, to quantify the size, number concentration and mass concentration of the currently most widely used inorganic NMs (Ag, TiO2, Au) and carbonaceous NMs (fullerenes and functionalized fullerenes). To support this hypothesis we will exploit techniques initially developed to quantify natural aquatic colloids (i.e., NMs) and organic pollutants. Specifically, real time single particle ICP mass spectroscopy (RTSP-MS) will be used to differentiate metal or metal oxide NMs from dissolved ionic forms of the base NM material. Carbonaceous NMs will be handled in a similar fashion as organic chemicals, by pre-treating and analyzing (LC/MS) them based upon solubility and hydrophobicity characteristics. By working with a range of widely employed NMs the methods will be immediately and widely applicable. Standard operating procedures for NM analytical techniques and extraction protocols will be developed. The investigators have been working with NMs for many years, and are familiar with purchasing, characterizing, solubilizing and handling NMs. Using robust statistical approaches, the procedures (detection limits, precision, accuracy, reproducibility, recovery rate, etc) will be validated. Once validated, the pretreatment methods and analytical techniques will be used to quantify engineered nanomaterials in drinking water, food, consumer products and biological fluids (including whole blood, blood plasma, blood serum, urine and human milk). Our team has extensive experience in the analysis of manmade pollutants in these matrices. Due to a presumably low present ambient exposure to engineered NMs, except perhaps for TiO2, we do not expect to detect these types of materials in our archived samples of biological fluids or drinking waters. After testing this hypothesis, we will fortify aliquots of pools of blood, human milk and urine, respectively, with known and increasing concentrations of diverse engineered NMs, until detection becomes possible. In addition to validating the procedures, this work will establish the present body burden in humans of NMs (or lack thereof) and will help to define what levels of these materials are required in order to achieve detection of engineered NMs with state of the art techniques. All protocols developed will be published in peer- reviewed journals and made freely available on the Internet as step-by-step procedures to enable other laboratories and researchers in the U.S. and abroad to utilize these new human exposure assessment tools. In our data analysis and interpretation, we will compare achievable method detection limits with toxic threshold information to evaluate the prospects of using these novel tools for environmental exposure assessment and for protecting human health. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project will provide to the emerging nano environmental and health effects community well documented analytical techniques and methodologies for quantifying the size, number concentration and mass concentration of engineered nanomaterials within matrices (water, food, biological fluids). This information is critical to assessing nanomaterial dosage and exposure during in vivo or in vitro health effects studies. The research enables such studies to be conducted at sub lethal exposures, which have largely been complicated in the past due to inadequate analytical methods.

描述（由申请人提供）：纳米技术正在迅速导致纳米材料（NM）的生产，这些纳米材料将用于从牙膏到杀虫剂的所有产品，但研究界缺乏足够的技术来测量纳米材料的大小和浓度，即使是最简单的环境和生物样品中的纳米材料也可能与人类接触有关。包括NIEHS在内的国家纳米技术倡议和其他组织将开发量化基质（包括饮用水、商业产品、血液和其他生物基质）中纳米材料的方法列为重中之重。我们拟议的工作有两个目的：首先，我们的目标是为国际科学、医学和监管界开发最先进的纳米材料暴露评估工具;第二，我们将根据已发表的毒理学数据，确定并量化可能有害的暴露水平与非-用当前技术标记商业纳米材料。 无机和碳质纳米材料正在以广泛的尺寸、形状和各种表面涂层或功能合成。因此，人们可能很快就会在工作场所或其他日常活动中接触到数千种不同类型的纳米材料。由于缺乏足够的检测能力，对这些照射的风险评估受到阻碍。虽然电子显微镜和其他技术可以对样品中的NM进行成像，但它们无法量化NM的大小，数量浓度和质量浓度，这些被认为是理解正确评估NM暴露和影响的关键。我们假设两个基本的仪器平台（离子耦合等离子体质谱和液相色谱质谱）可以与样品预处理方法结合开发，包括从环境和生物样品中提取、分离和/或浓缩纳米物质，以量化目前最广泛使用的无机纳米物质的大小、数量浓度和质量浓度（Ag、TiO 2、Au）和碳质NM（富勒烯和官能化富勒烯）。为了支持这一假设，我们将利用最初开发的技术来量化天然水生胶体（即，NMs）和有机污染物。具体地，将使用真实的时间单粒子ICP质谱（RTSP-MS）来区分金属或金属氧化物NM与基础NM材料的溶解离子形式。碳质NM将以与有机化学品类似的方式进行处理，根据溶解度和疏水性特征对其进行预处理和分析（LC/MS）。通过与一系列广泛使用的NM合作，这些方法将立即得到广泛应用。 将制定NM分析技术和提取方案的标准操作程序。研究人员已与NM合作多年，熟悉NM的采购、表征、溶解和处理。将使用稳健的统计方法对程序（检测限、精密度、准确度、重现性、回收率等）进行验证。一旦验证，预处理方法和分析技术将用于量化饮用水，食品，消费品和生物液体（包括全血，血浆，血清，尿液和母乳）中的工程纳米材料。我们的团队在分析这些基质中的人造污染物方面拥有丰富的经验。由于目前环境暴露于工程纳米材料的可能性较低（可能除TiO 2外），我们预计不会在生物液体或饮用沃茨的存档样品中检测到这些类型的材料。在测试了这一假设之后，我们将分别用已知的和不断增加的浓度的不同工程NM强化血液、人乳和尿液的等分试样，直到检测成为可能。除了验证程序外，这项工作还将确定目前人体中NM的负担（或缺乏NM），并将有助于确定需要何种水平的这些材料，以便用最先进的技术检测工程NM。制定的所有协议将在同行评审的期刊上发表，并作为分步程序在互联网上免费提供，以使美国和国外的其他实验室和研究人员能够利用这些新的人类暴露评估工具。在我们的数据分析和解释中，我们将比较可实现的方法检测限与毒性阈值信息，以评估使用这些新工具进行环境暴露评估和保护人类健康的前景。 公共卫生关系：该项目将为新兴的纳米环境和健康影响社区提供有据可查的分析技术和方法，用于量化基质（水，食物，生物液体）中工程纳米材料的大小，数量浓度和质量浓度。这些信息对于评估体内或体外健康影响研究期间的纳米材料剂量和暴露至关重要。该研究使此类研究能够在亚致死暴露下进行，过去由于分析方法不足，这在很大程度上是复杂的。