Detection of engineered nanomaterials in drinking water, food, commercial product

饮用水、食品、商业产品中工程纳米材料的检测

• 批准号: 7944090
• 负责人: Paul K Westerhoff
• 金额: $ 57.47万
• 依托单位: ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-30 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7944090
• 关键词: Affect; Aliquot; Archives; Arts; Biological; Blood; Blood Circulation; Body Burden; Caco-2 Cells; Categories; Cell Line; Characteristics; Chemicals; Colloids; Communities; Cosmetics; Coupled; Data; Data Analyses; Detection; Electron Microscopy; Engineering; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Exposure to; Food; Foundations; Fullerenes; General Population; Gold; Health; Human; Human Milk; Human body; Hydrophobicity; Image; In Vitro; Individual; International; Internet; Ions; Journals; Label; Laboratories; Liquid substance; Mass Spectrum Analysis; Measures; Medical; Metals; Methodology; Methods; Modeling; Nanotechnology; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Organic Chemicals; Peer Review; Pesticides; Plasma; Population; Procedures; Production; Property; Protocols documentation; Publishing; Radio; Recovery; Reproducibility; Research; Research Personnel; Risk Assessment; Safety; Sampling; Serum; Shapes; Silver; Solubility; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Toothpaste; Toxicology; Urine; Water; Whole Blood; Work; Workplace; analytical method; base; blood product; consumer product; dosage; drinking water; experience; exposed human population; falls; improved; in vivo; instrumentation; intestinal epithelium; liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy; metal oxide; metrology; nano; nanomaterials; nanoparticle; novel; particle; pollutant; public health relevance; surface coating; titanium dioxide; tool; uptake; validation studies

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nanotechnology is rapidly resulting in the production of nanomaterials (NMs) that will be used in everything from toothpaste to pesticides, yet the research community lacks adequate techniques to measure the size and concentration of nanomaterials in even the simplest of environmental and biological samples at levels which may be relevant to human exposures. The National Nanotechnology Initiative, including NIEHS, and other organizations ranks as a top priority the need to develop methods to quantify nanomaterials in matrices including drinking water, commercial products, blood and other biological matrices. The purpose of our proposed work is two-fold: first, we aim to develop state-of-the- art exposure assessment tools for nanomaterials for the international scientific, medical and regulatory community; second, we will identify and quantify the metrology gap between what exposure levels may be potentially harmful based on published toxicological data and the method detection limits that can be achieved for non-labeled commercial nanomaterials with current technology. Inorganic and carbonaceous nanomaterials are being synthesized in a wide range of sizes, shapes and with various surface coatings or functionalities. Consequently, people may soon be exposed to thousands of different types of nanomaterials in their workplace or during other daily activities. Risk assessments from these exposures are hampered by the lack of adequate detection capabilities. While electron microscopy and other techniques can image NMs in samples, they fall short of being able to quantify the size, number concentration and mass concentration of NMs which are thought to be crucial for understanding to properly assess NM exposures and effects. We hypothesize that two basic instrumentation platforms (ion coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy) can be developed in conjunction with sample pretreatment methods, involving extraction, separation and or concentration of NMs from environmental and biological samples, to quantify the size, number concentration and mass concentration of the currently most widely used inorganic NMs (Ag, TiO2, Au) and carbonaceous NMs (fullerenes and functionalized fullerenes). To support this hypothesis we will exploit techniques initially developed to quantify natural aquatic colloids (i.e., NMs) and organic pollutants. Specifically, real time single particle ICP mass spectroscopy (RTSP-MS) will be used to differentiate metal or metal oxide NMs from dissolved ionic forms of the base NM material. Carbonaceous NMs will be handled in a similar fashion as organic chemicals, by pre-treating and analyzing (LC/MS) them based upon solubility and hydrophobicity characteristics. By working with a range of widely employed NMs the methods will be immediately and widely applicable. Standard operating procedures for NM analytical techniques and extraction protocols will be developed. The investigators have been working with NMs for many years, and are familiar with purchasing, characterizing, solubilizing and handling NMs. Using robust statistical approaches, the procedures (detection limits, precision, accuracy, reproducibility, recovery rate, etc) will be validated. Once validated, the pretreatment methods and analytical techniques will be used to quantify engineered nanomaterials in drinking water, food, consumer products and biological fluids (including whole blood, blood plasma, blood serum, urine and human milk). Our team has extensive experience in the analysis of manmade pollutants in these matrices. Due to a presumably low present ambient exposure to engineered NMs, except perhaps for TiO2, we do not expect to detect these types of materials in our archived samples of biological fluids or drinking waters. After testing this hypothesis, we will fortify aliquots of pools of blood, human milk and urine, respectively, with known and increasing concentrations of diverse engineered NMs, until detection becomes possible. In addition to validating the procedures, this work will establish the present body burden in humans of NMs (or lack thereof) and will help to define what levels of these materials are required in order to achieve detection of engineered NMs with state of the art techniques. All protocols developed will be published in peer- reviewed journals and made freely available on the Internet as step-by-step procedures to enable other laboratories and researchers in the U.S. and abroad to utilize these new human exposure assessment tools. In our data analysis and interpretation, we will compare achievable method detection limits with toxic threshold information to evaluate the prospects of using these novel tools for environmental exposure assessment and for protecting human health. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project will provide to the emerging nano environmental and health effects community well documented analytical techniques and methodologies for quantifying the size, number concentration and mass concentration of engineered nanomaterials within matrices (water, food, biological fluids). This information is critical to assessing nanomaterial dosage and exposure during in vivo or in vitro health effects studies. The research enables such studies to be conducted at sub lethal exposures, which have largely been complicated in the past due to inadequate analytical methods.

描述（由申请人提供）：纳米技术正在迅速生产纳米材料（NM），这些材料将用于从牙膏到杀虫剂的各种产品中，但研究界缺乏足够的技术来测量纳米材料的尺寸和浓度，即使是最简单的环境和生物样品中的纳米材料的尺寸和浓度也可能与人类暴露相关。包括 NIEHS 在内的国家纳米技术倡议和其他组织将开发量化基质（包括饮用水、商业产品、血液和其他生物基质）中纳米材料的方法的需求列为首要任务。我们提出的工作有两个目的：首先，我们的目标是为国际科学、医学和监管界开发最先进的纳米材料暴露评估工具；其次，我们将根据已发表的毒理学数据和使用当前技术可实现的非标记商业纳米材料的方法检测限来确定和量化可能有害的暴露水平之间的计量差距。 正在合成各种尺寸、形状并具有各种表面涂层或功能的无机和碳质纳米材料。因此，人们可能很快就会在工作场所或其他日常活动中接触到数千种不同类型的纳米材料。由于缺乏足够的检测能力，对这些暴露的风险评估受到阻碍。虽然电子显微镜和其他技术可以对样品中的 NM 进行成像，但它们无法量化 NM 的大小、数量浓度和质量浓度，而这被认为对于理解正确评估 NM 暴露和影响至关重要。我们假设两个基本仪器平台（离子耦合等离子体质谱和液相色谱质谱）可以与样品预处理方法结合开发，涉及从环境和生物样品中提取、分离和/或浓缩纳米材料，以量化目前最广泛使用的无机纳米材料（Ag、TiO2、Au）和 碳质纳米材料（富勒烯和功能化富勒烯）。为了支持这一假设，我们将利用最初开发的技术来量化天然水生胶体（即 NM）和有机污染物。具体来说，实时单粒子 ICP 质谱 (RTSP-MS) 将用于区分金属或金属氧化物 NM 与基础 NM 材料的溶解离子形式。碳质纳米材料的处理方式与有机化学品类似，根据溶解度和疏水性特征对其进行预处理和分析 (LC/MS)。通过与一系列广泛使用的 NM 合作，这些方法将立即得到广泛应用。 将制定 NM 分析技术和提取方案的标准操作程序。研究人员已经与 NM 合作多年，熟悉 NM 的购买、表征、溶解和处理。使用稳健的统计方法，对程序（检测限、精密度、准确度、再现性、回收率等）进行验证。一旦经过验证，预处理方法和分析技术将用于量化饮用水、食品、消费品和生物液体（包括全血、血浆、血清、尿液和人乳）中的工程纳米材料。我们的团队在分析这些基质中的人造污染物方面拥有丰富的经验。由于目前环境中对工程纳米材料的暴露可能较低（TiO2 除外），我们预计不会在我们存档的生物液体或饮用水样本中检测到这些类型的材料。测试这一假设后，我们将分别用已知且不断增加浓度的不同工程 NM 强化血液、母乳和尿液等份，直到检测成为可能。除了验证程序之外，这项工作还将确定人体目前的 NM 负担（或缺乏），并将有助于确定需要什么水平的这些材料，以便利用最先进的技术实现工程 NM 的检测。制定的所有协议将在同行评审的期刊上发表，并作为分步程序在互联网上免费提供，以使美国和国外的其他实验室和研究人员能够利用这些新的人类暴露评估工具。在我们的数据分析和解释中，我们将可实现的方法检测限与有毒阈值信息进行比较，以评估使用这些新颖工具进行环境暴露评估和保护人类健康的前景。 公共健康相关性：该项目将为新兴的纳米环境和健康影响界提供有据可查的分析技术和方法，用于量化基质（水、食物、生物液体）内工程纳米材料的尺寸、数量浓度和质量浓度。该信息对于评估体内或体外健康影响研究期间纳米材料的剂量和暴露至关重要。这项研究使得此类研究能够在亚致死暴露下进行，而在过去，由于分析方法不充分，这在很大程度上变得复杂。