Is saccade adaptation driven by reinforcement?

眼跳适应是由强化驱动的吗？

• 批准号: 8187995
• 负责人: JOSHUA WALLMAN
• 金额: $ 22.95万
• 依托单位: CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-08-01 至 2014-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8187995
• 关键词: Accounting; Affect; Alzheimer' s Disease; Appearance; Area; Attention; Ballistics; Basal Ganglia; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Markers; Characteristics; Cities; Cognitive; Collaborations; Diagnostic; Discrimination; Dopamine; Engineering; Environment; Eye; Feedback; Image; Laboratories; Lead; Learning; Metric; Motor; Motor output; Movement; Neurodegenerative Disorders; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Pathology; Patients; Pattern; Persons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenotype; Prevalence; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Public Health; Reading; Rehabilitation therapy; Research; Rest; Retinal; Rewards; Risk; Role; Saccades; Schizophrenia; Shapes; Signal Transduction; Smooth Pursuit; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Vision; Visual; Visual system structure; arm; base; college; dopaminergic neuron; fovea centralis; medical schools; motor learning; oculomotor; programs; rapid eye movement; reinforcer; research study; response; theories; unpublished works; visual feedback

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): When one chooses to look at something, one makes a saccadic eye movement to it. Because saccades are so brief, they cannot be guided by visual feedback, but must rely on feedback after each saccade to check the accuracy of that movement and, if needed, to adjust subsequent saccades; this is saccade adaptation. Although the specific mechanisms underlying saccadic adaptation are largely unknown, it is generally inferred that saccades are recalibrated depending on the retinal error after each saccade, i.e., the distance of the fovea from the target of the saccade. In the laboratory, saccade adaptation is induced by consistently and surreptitiously moving the target during each saccade (when vision is poor), with the result that the oculomotor system compensates as though its saccades had been in error. We propose to explore whether saccade adaptation is best described in engineering terms as a servo mechanism that reduces an error signal, or in behaviorist terms as an example of motor learning driven by reinforcement. We propose to compare two forms of saccade adaptation: (a) that produced conventionally by moving the target during the saccade, and (b) that produced by rewarding subjects for making saccades of a particular magnitude without the target being present after the saccade. Specifically, we propose to see how similar the two forms of adaptation are by comparing the temporal parameters known to affect the efficacy of conventional saccade adaptation (for example, delaying the feedback after each saccade). Furthermore, we propose a test that delineates a crucial difference between a system guided by error and one guided by reinforcement: is adaptation more effective if the subject only receives feedback on trials that land directly on the target versus trials that do not (and therefore present a visual error)? The conventional servo theory would predict that only the latter type of trials would be effective; the reinforcement theory would predict that the former one would be effective. We also propose to look for natural visual features that might act as natural reinforcers for saccades (image contrast, sharpness or duration). Finally, because saccade characteristics are modulated by basal ganglia activity, and reinforcement-guided adaptation would almost certainly involve the basal ganglia, and because patients with Parkinson's Disease have damage in this area and show deficits in other forms of motor learning, we propose to study saccade adaptation in Parkinson's patients, in collaboration with Felice Ghilardi of the CUNY Medical School. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The relevance of this proposal rests on two issues: First, a part of this proposal concerns the study of the deficits of patients with Parkinson's disease. This pathology is the most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, with prevalence predicted to rise to 610,000 by 2030. Understanding this pathology is an urgent matter of public health. Abnormal saccadic eye-movements ("staircase" patterns) have been identified as a sensitive and specific biomarker for Parkinson's disease patients as well as a subset of patients at-risk. A better understanding of the Parkinson's phenotype may lead more efficient diagnostic and rehabilitation techniques for the patients. Second, given that the metrics of saccades appear to be influenced by reinforcement, we can presume that other specific oculomotor deficiencies may also be manifestations of more general deficits in learning or attention. For example, schizophrenic patients are well known to show low gains of smooth pursuit eye movements. Unpublished work by the one of our key persons, Laurent Madelain, has shown that the gain of these patients can be readily raised to normal levels by giving explicit reinforcement for high-gain pursuit.

描述（由申请人提供）：当人们选择看某些东西时，就会使眼睛运动。由于扫视是如此简短，因此不能以视觉反馈为指导，但是在每个扫视后必须依靠反馈来检查该运动的准确性，并在需要时调整后续扫视。这是扫视改编。尽管囊泡适应的基本机制在很大程度上是未知的，但通常可以推断出扫视是根据每次扫视后的视网膜误差（即，即中央凹的距离与扫视靶标的视网膜误差）重新校准的。在实验室中，扫视适应性是通过在每个扫视过程中（视力较差）始终如一地秘密地移动靶标的诱导的，结果眼动物系统弥补了其扫视的弥补。我们建议探索在工程术语中最好地描述扫视适应性是减少误差信号的伺服机制，还是以行为主义术语来描述，作为由增强型驱动的运动学习的一个例子。我们建议比较两种形式的扫视适应性：（a）通过在扫视过程中移动目标而产生的两种形式，以及（b）通过奖励受试者制作特定幅度的扫视而产生的，而在扫视之后没有靶标的扫视。具体而言，我们建议通过比较已知的时间参数会影响传统扫视适应性的功效（例如，在每个扫视后延迟反馈），了解两种形式的适应性。此外，我们提出了一项测试，该测试描述了以错误为指导的系统与强化指导的系统之间的关键差异：如果受试者仅收到直接降落在目标试验的试验与不（因此出现视觉错误）的试验的反馈，而适应性更有效？常规的伺服理论将预测，只有后一种试验才有效。增强理论将预测前者是有效的。我们还建议寻找可能充当扫视天然增强剂的自然视觉特征（图像对比度，清晰度或持续时间）。最后，由于扫视特征是由基础神经节活动调节的，并且加强引导的适应几乎可以肯定涉及基础神经节，并且由于帕金森氏病的患者在该领域造成了损害，并且在其他形式的运动学习中显示出缺陷，我们建议在帕克森患者中与菲尔氏医学相事，以研究帕金森患者的囊泡适应。 公共卫生相关性：该提案的相关性在于两个问题：首先，该提案的一部分涉及研究帕金森氏病患者缺陷的研究。这种病理是阿尔茨海默氏病后最常见的神经退行性疾病，到2030年，患病率预计将增加到610,000。了解这种病理是公共卫生的紧迫问题。帕金森氏病患者以及处于危险中的患者的子集中，已经确定为敏感且特异性的生物标志物，已确定为一种敏感且特异性的生物标志物。更好地了解帕金森氏症的表型可能会为患者带来更有效的诊断和康复技术。其次，鉴于扫视的指标似乎受增强的影响，我们可以假定其他特定的动眼缺陷也可能表现出学习或注意力方面更普遍的缺陷。例如，众所周知，精神分裂症患者表现出低收入的追捕眼运动。我们的关键人物之一劳伦特·马德兰（Laurent Madelain）未发表的工作表明，这些患者的收益可以通过给予高增益追求的明确加强来轻易提高到正常水平。