Is saccade adaptation guided by reinforcement?

眼跳适应是由强化引导的吗？

基本信息

批准号：
7895526
负责人：
JOSHUA WALLMAN
金额：
$ 23.1万
依托单位：
CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2009-08-01 至 2011-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Description (provided by applicant): When one chooses to look at something, one makes a saccadic eye movement to it. Because saccades are so brief, they cannot be guided by visual feedback, but must rely on feedback after each saccade to check the accuracy of that movement and, if needed, to adjust subsequent saccades; this is saccade adaptation. Although the specific mechanisms underlying saccadic adaptation are largely unknown, it is generally inferred that saccades are recalibrated depending on the retinal error after each saccade, i.e., the distance of the fovea from the target of the saccade. In the laboratory, saccade adaptation is induced by consistently and surreptitiously moving the target during each saccade (when vision is poor), with the result that the oculomotor system compensates as though its saccades had been in error. We propose to explore whether saccade adaptation is best described in engineering terms as a servo mechanism that reduces an error signal, or in behaviorist terms as an example of motor learning driven by reinforcement. We propose to compare two forms of saccade adaptation: (a) that produced conventionally by moving the target during the saccade, and (b) that produced by rewarding subjects for making saccades of a particular magnitude without the target being present after the saccade. Specifically we propose to see if the two forms of adaptation are interchangeable, and to train subjects to associate an arbitrary auditory signal with retinal error. Because one makes a saccade to see a target better, we propose to reward subjects for saccades of certain sizes by changing their view of the target after each saccade. We anticipate that this will reveal what aspects of the visual signals are important to the saccade adaptation mechanism. We hope that understanding the relationship of learning to saccade function will open the door to using saccades to study learning disorders and to using learning disorders to study saccades. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE Changes in saccadic eye movements are indicators for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including and Alzheimer's Disease; deficiencies in the ability to make adaptive changes in saccadic eye movements have been described in Parkinson's Disease. In this application, we propose that reinforcement, a general learning mechanism, may guide saccade adaptation. If confirmed, it may provide a rationale for investigating whether deficiencies in saccade adaptation may be useful in diagnosing learning disorders or dyslexia.

描述（由申请人提供）：当人们选择看某些东西时，就会使眼睛运动。由于扫视是如此简短，因此不能以视觉反馈为指导，但是在每个扫视后必须依靠反馈来检查该运动的准确性，并在需要时调整后续扫视。这是扫视改编。尽管囊泡适应的基本机制在很大程度上是未知的，但通常可以推断出扫视是根据每次扫视后的视网膜误差（即，即中央凹的距离与扫视靶标的视网膜误差）重新校准的。在实验室中，扫视适应性是通过在每个扫视过程中（视力较差）始终如一地秘密地移动靶标的诱导的，结果眼动物系统弥补了其扫视的弥补。我们建议探索在工程术语中最好地描述扫视适应性是减少误差信号的伺服机制，还是以行为主义术语来描述，作为由增强型驱动的运动学习的一个例子。我们建议比较两种形式的扫视适应性：（a）通过在扫视过程中移动目标而产生的两种形式，以及（b）通过奖励受试者制作特定幅度的扫视而产生的，而在扫视之后没有靶标的扫视。具体来说，我们建议查看两种形式的适应性是否可互换，并训练受试者将任意听觉信号与视网膜误差相关联。因为一个人使扫视更好地看到目标，所以我们建议通过改变每个扫视后改变目标的看法来奖励某些尺寸的扫视。我们预计这将揭示视觉信号的哪些方面对扫视适应机制很重要。我们希望了解学习与扫视功能的关系将为使用扫视学习学习障碍并使用学习障碍来学习扫视的关系打开大门。公共卫生的相关性变化是伴随眼动运动的指标，包括各种神经系统和精神疾病，包括和阿尔茨海默氏病。帕金森氏病在帕金森氏病中描述了对萨克德眼动运动自适应变化的能力的缺陷。在此应用中，我们建议加强是一种一般的学习机制，可以指导扫视适应。如果得到确认，它可能会提供一个基本原理，以研究扫视适应性缺陷是否可能有助于诊断学习障碍或阅读障碍。