Internal and external influences on infants' short-term feeding behaviors

描述(由申请者提供)：本研究计划的目标是测试与理解配方奶的组成是否以及如何影响婴儿短期喂养行为的假设，以及母亲使用的喂养方式。这项拟议的研究旨在阐明优化婴儿期喂养的潜在策略，这是初级预防与不良摄入量和体重增加模式(如肥胖和II型糖尿病)相关的负面健康后果的第一步。这项拟议的研究建立在我们实验室之前的研究基础上，该研究表明，当婴儿喂食蛋白质水解物配方奶(PHF)时，尽管表现出相似的饱腹感，但他们摄入的配方奶比喂养牛奶配方奶(CMF)时的配方奶少。这项研究的主要目的是检验这一假设，即在婴儿主导的喂养条件下，与低游离谷氨酸的配方奶粉相比，喂食游离谷氨酸含量较高的配方奶粉，婴儿会更快地感到饱，并保持饱足的时间更长。婴儿期的喂养对任何其他发育阶段都是独一无二的，因为婴儿在喂养什么以及何时喂养方面完全依赖照顾者；对婴儿与其照顾者隔绝的研究造成了对婴儿期喂养的不完全理解。因此，这项研究的第二个目的是检验这一假设，即在典型的奶瓶喂养条件下，一些母亲的喂养方式将超过含有高水平游离谷氨酸的配方奶粉的饱腹性。我们提出了一个受试者内部的设计来检验我们的假设。为了验证我们的基本假设，我们将评估婴儿在一次喂养期间的摄入量(饱)、直到下一次喂养的延迟(饱)，以及温度、活动和睡眠的变化，以响应在婴儿主导喂养条件下喂养PHF、CMF或CMF添加谷氨酸(CMF Glu)，婴儿决定喂养的时间、速度和持续时间。为了检验我们的第二个假设，我们将评估婴儿在典型的奶瓶喂养条件下对CMF、PHF和CMF Glu的摄入量和喂养行为，在这些条件下，母亲决定喂养的时间、速度和持续时间。然后，我们将比较这种情况下的喂养与婴儿主导条件下的喂养。测试配方和喂养条件将在六天的测试中随机进行和平衡。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objective of this research program is to test hypotheses related to understanding whether and how the composition of formulas fed, and the feeding practices mothers use, influence young infants' short-term feeding behaviors. The proposed research aims to elucidate potential strategies for optimizing feeding during infancy, which is a first step toward primary prevention of the negative health outcomes associated with undesirable intake and weight gain patterns, such as obesity and type II diabetes. The proposed research builds upon prior research from our laboratory demonstrating that when infants feed protein hydrolysate formula (PHF), which is higher in certain amino acids such as free glutamate, they consume less formula than when feeding cow-milk formulas (CMF), despite showing similar levels of satiation. The primary aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that infants will become satiated faster and will stay satiated longer when feeding formula with higher free glutamate compared to formula with lower free glutamate during infant-led feeding conditions. Feeding during infancy is unique to any other developmental period because infants are entirely dependent on caregivers for what and when they feed; study of infants in isolation of their caregivers creates an incomplete understanding of feeding during infancy. Thus, a secondary aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that, during typical bottle-feeding conditions, the feeding practices of some mothers will override the satiating properties of formulas with high levels of free glutamate. We propose a within-subject design to test our hypotheses. To test our primary hypothesis, we will assess infant consumption during a feed (satiation), latency until a subsequent feed (satiety), and changes in temperature, activity and sleep, in response to feeding PHF, CMF or CMF with added glutamate (CMF+glu) during infant-led feeding conditions, where the infant determines the timing, pace, and duration of the feed. To test our secondary hypothesis, we will assess infant intake and feeding behaviors in response to CMF, PHF and CMF+glu during typical bottle-feeding conditions, in which the mother decides the timing, pace, and duration of the feed. We will then compare feeding during this condition with feeding during the infant-led conditions. Test formulas and feeding conditions will be randomized and counterbalanced across six days of testing.