Internal and external influences on infants' short-term feeding behaviors

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究计划的目的是检验与了解配方奶粉的成分以及母亲使用的喂养方法是否以及如何影响幼儿的短期喂养行为有关的假设。这项拟议的研究旨在阐明优化婴儿期喂养的潜在策略，这是对与不良摄入和体重增加模式（如肥胖和II型糖尿病）相关的负面健康结果进行初级预防的第一步。 拟议的研究建立在我们实验室先前的研究基础上，该研究表明，当婴儿喂养蛋白质水解物配方奶粉（PHF）时，其某些氨基酸（如游离谷氨酸盐）含量较高，尽管表现出类似的饱足水平，但他们比喂养牛奶配方奶粉（CMF）时消耗的配方奶粉更少。本研究的主要目的是检验以下假设：在婴儿主导的喂养条件下，与游离谷氨酸含量较低的配方奶粉相比，喂食游离谷氨酸含量较高的配方奶粉时，婴儿会更快饱足，并且饱足时间更长。 婴儿期的喂养是任何其他发育时期所独有的，因为婴儿完全依赖于照顾者喂养什么和什么时候喂养;对婴儿与照顾者隔离的研究导致对婴儿期喂养的不完整理解。因此，本研究的第二个目的是检验这一假设，即在典型的奶瓶喂养条件下，一些母亲的喂养实践将超越具有高水平游离谷氨酸盐的配方奶粉的饱腹特性。 我们提出了一个主题内的设计来测试我们的假设。为了检验我们的主要假设，我们将评估婴儿在喂养期间的消耗（饱足），直到后续喂养的潜伏期（饱足），以及温度，活动和睡眠的变化，以响应在婴儿主导的喂养条件下喂养PHF，CMF或CMF与添加的谷氨酸盐（CMF+glu），其中婴儿决定喂养的时间，速度和持续时间。为了检验我们的次要假设，我们将评估婴儿在典型的奶瓶喂养条件下对CMF，PHF和CMF+glu的摄入和喂养行为，其中母亲决定喂养的时间，速度和持续时间。然后，我们将比较在这种情况下喂养婴儿主导的条件下喂养。试验配方和喂养条件将在6天的试验中随机分配和平衡。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objective of this research program is to test hypotheses related to understanding whether and how the composition of formulas fed, and the feeding practices mothers use, influence young infants' short-term feeding behaviors. The proposed research aims to elucidate potential strategies for optimizing feeding during infancy, which is a first step toward primary prevention of the negative health outcomes associated with undesirable intake and weight gain patterns, such as obesity and type II diabetes. The proposed research builds upon prior research from our laboratory demonstrating that when infants feed protein hydrolysate formula (PHF), which is higher in certain amino acids such as free glutamate, they consume less formula than when feeding cow-milk formulas (CMF), despite showing similar levels of satiation. The primary aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that infants will become satiated faster and will stay satiated longer when feeding formula with higher free glutamate compared to formula with lower free glutamate during infant-led feeding conditions. Feeding during infancy is unique to any other developmental period because infants are entirely dependent on caregivers for what and when they feed; study of infants in isolation of their caregivers creates an incomplete understanding of feeding during infancy. Thus, a secondary aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that, during typical bottle-feeding conditions, the feeding practices of some mothers will override the satiating properties of formulas with high levels of free glutamate. We propose a within-subject design to test our hypotheses. To test our primary hypothesis, we will assess infant consumption during a feed (satiation), latency until a subsequent feed (satiety), and changes in temperature, activity and sleep, in response to feeding PHF, CMF or CMF with added glutamate (CMF+glu) during infant-led feeding conditions, where the infant determines the timing, pace, and duration of the feed. To test our secondary hypothesis, we will assess infant intake and feeding behaviors in response to CMF, PHF and CMF+glu during typical bottle-feeding conditions, in which the mother decides the timing, pace, and duration of the feed. We will then compare feeding during this condition with feeding during the infant-led conditions. Test formulas and feeding conditions will be randomized and counterbalanced across six days of testing.