Maternal technology use during feeding and infant self-regulation and growth

项目总结 有效的自我调节技能的发展是早期最重要的成就之一 童年。在婴儿期，自我调节的关键相互关联的领域包括情绪(即，痛苦 调节)和喂食(即，热量摄入调节)。婴幼儿成长的重要基础 自我调节能力是照顾者对婴儿行为暗示的敏感反应，特别是在 喂食。然而，考虑到便携技术(例如智能手机)的无处不在，很可能有很多 照顾者在给婴儿喂奶时会被科技分散注意力，这可能会降低敏感的反应能力 对婴儿的暗示。令人惊讶的是，很少有研究考察技术干扰对大脑功能的可能影响 早期喂养交互作用的质量和结果。拟议研究的主要目的是检查 母亲技术使用对早期喂养相互作用的影响以及这些影响在早期阶段的变化 婴儿期。我们还致力于检验这样一种假设，即更多的习惯性使用母体技术将预测更差的 婴儿情绪和摄入量调节当婴儿6个月和12个月大时，更多的社会情绪和 12个月时出现行为问题，出生到12个月之间婴儿体重增加更多。此外，我们 目的描述产前和早期习惯性母体技术使用的水平和变化。 产后期，并检验习惯性科技使用模式的预测因素。我们建议15个月 嵌套的受试者内实验研究和设备的日常被动感知突发的纵向研究 使用和时间日记。孕妇将在怀孕第三个三个月期间被招募和评估， 然后在婴儿2周、4个月、6个月、9个月和12个月时对母婴对偶进行评估。在2周内 和4个月，母婴将观察在3个平衡下的受试者内实验喂养 喂养条件：1)对照组，2)电视使用，3)移动设备使用。这些喂养互动的视频将是 编码以全面了解孕产妇技术使用对孕产妇的潜在影响 注意，对婴儿暗示的敏感性，以及婴儿的参与度，以及对婴儿线索清晰度的注意 对母亲的反应和摄入量。婴儿情绪和摄入量调节，以及相关的社会情绪 和行为问题，将通过已建立的行为协议和验证的组合进行评估 问卷调查。为了描述习惯性母体技术的使用模式，我们将结合被动感知 (通过一款应用程序)与时间日记一起使用母亲技术；假设的预测因素包括母亲抑郁 症状、压力、情绪调节、喂养方式、反射功能和婴儿进食行为 和性情。总而言之，拟议的研究是对潜在影响的创新的、多层次的审查 母体技术的使用对喂养过程中二元相互作用的质量和结果的影响。由此得出的结论 这项研究将为旨在了解如何平衡潜在利益的进一步研究提供基础 对比在家庭环境中使用技术的缺点。

PROJECT SUMMARY The development of effective self-regulation skills is one of the most important achievements of early childhood. During infancy, key interconnected domains of self-regulation include emotion (i.e., distress regulation) and feeding (i.e., caloric intake regulation). An important foundation for infants’ developing capacities for self-regulation is caregivers’ sensitive responsiveness to infant behavioral cues, especially during feeding. However, given the ubiquity of portable technologies (e.g., smartphones), it is likely that many caregivers are distracted by technology while feeding their infants, which may lower sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. Surprisingly few studies have examined possible effects of technological distractors on the quality and outcome of early feeding interactions. The primary aim of the proposed research is to examine impacts of maternal technology use on early feeding interactions and change in these impacts across early infancy. We also aim to test the hypothesis that greater habitual maternal technology use will predict poorer infant emotion and intake regulation when infants are 6 and 12 months of age, greater socioemotional and behavioral problems at 12 months, and greater infant weight gain between birth and 12 months. In addition, we aim to describe levels of and changes in habitual maternal technology use from the prenatal and early postpartum periods and examine predictors of habitual technology use patterns. We propose a 15-month longitudinal study with nested within-subject experimental studies and bursts of daily passive sensing of device use and time diaries. Pregnant women will be recruited and assessed during their 3rd trimester of pregnancy, then mother-infant dyads will be assessed when infants are 2wk, 4mo, 6mo, 9mo, and 12mo of age. At 2wk and 4mo, mothers and infants will be observed feeding under 3 counterbalanced within-subject experimental feeding conditions: 1) Control, 2) TV Use, 3) Mobile Device Use. Videos of these feeding interactions will be coded to obtain a comprehensive understanding of potential impacts of maternal technology use on maternal attention, sensitivity to infant cues, and engagement of the infant, and on infant clarity of cues, attentional responsiveness to the mother, and intake. Infant emotion and intake regulation, and related socioemotional and behavioral problems, will be assessed via a combination of established behavioral protocols and validated questionnaires. To describe patterns of habitual maternal technology use, we will integrate passive sensing (via an app) of maternal technology use with time diaries; hypothesized predictors include maternal depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, feeding styles, and reflective functioning, and infant eating behaviors and temperament. In sum, the proposed research is an innovative, multi-level examination of potential impacts of maternal technology use on the quality and outcome of dyadic interactions during feeding. Findings from this study will provide a foundation for further research aimed at understanding how to balance potential benefits vs. drawbacks of technology use within family contexts.