Maternal technology use during feeding and infant self-regulation and growth

项目概要 有效的自我调节技能的发展是早期教育最重要的成就之一 童年。在婴儿期，自我调节的关键相互关联领域包括情绪（即痛苦 调节）和喂养（即热量摄入调节）。是婴儿发育的重要基础 自我调节能力是照顾者对婴儿行为线索的敏感反应，尤其是在 喂养。然而，鉴于便携式技术（例如智能手机）的普遍存在，许多人可能 护理人员在喂养婴儿时会被技术分散注意力，这可能会降低敏感反应能力 婴儿的暗示。令人惊讶的是，很少有研究探讨技术干扰因素对人们生活的可能影响。 早期喂养互动的质量和结果。拟议研究的主要目的是检查 孕产妇技术的使用对早期喂养互动的影响以及这些影响在整个早期喂养过程中的变化 婴儿期。我们还旨在检验这样一个假设：孕产妇技术使用习惯越多，预示着孕产妇的状况就越差。 婴儿情绪和摄入量调节 当婴儿在 6 个月和 12 个月大时，社会情绪和摄入量的调节能力更强 12 个月时出现行为问题，出生至 12 个月期间婴儿体重增加较多。此外，我们 旨在描述产前和早期孕产妇技术使用习惯的水平和变化 产后时期并检查习惯性技术使用模式的预测因素。我们建议为期 15 个月 纵向研究，包括嵌套的受试者内实验研究和设备的日常被动传感突发 使用和时间日记。孕妇将在怀孕的第三个三个月期间被招募和评估， 然后，当婴儿 2 周、4 个月、6 个月、9 个月和 12 个月大时，将评估母婴二元组。 2周时 4个月后，将在3个平衡的受试者实验下观察母亲和婴儿的喂养情况 喂养条件：1）控制，2）电视使用，3）移动设备使用。这些喂养互动的视频将 编码以全面了解孕产妇技术使用对孕产妇的潜在影响 注意力、对婴儿线索的敏感性和婴儿的参与度，以及婴儿线索的清晰度、注意力 对母亲的反应和摄入量。婴儿情绪和摄入调节以及相关的社会情绪 和行为问题，将通过已建立的行为协议和经过验证的组合进行评估 问卷调查。为了描述习惯性孕产妇技术使用模式，我们将集成被动传感 （通过应用程序）通过时间日记使用孕产妇技术；假设的预测因素包括母亲抑郁 症状、压力、情绪调节、喂养方式、反思功能以及婴儿饮食行为 和气质。总之，拟议的研究是对潜在影响的创新性、多层次的审查 孕产妇技术的使用对喂养过程中二元相互作用的质量和结果的影响。由此得出的结论 研究将为进一步研究奠定基础，旨在了解如何平衡潜在利益 与家庭环境中技术使用的缺点。

PROJECT SUMMARY The development of effective self-regulation skills is one of the most important achievements of early childhood. During infancy, key interconnected domains of self-regulation include emotion (i.e., distress regulation) and feeding (i.e., caloric intake regulation). An important foundation for infants’ developing capacities for self-regulation is caregivers’ sensitive responsiveness to infant behavioral cues, especially during feeding. However, given the ubiquity of portable technologies (e.g., smartphones), it is likely that many caregivers are distracted by technology while feeding their infants, which may lower sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. Surprisingly few studies have examined possible effects of technological distractors on the quality and outcome of early feeding interactions. The primary aim of the proposed research is to examine impacts of maternal technology use on early feeding interactions and change in these impacts across early infancy. We also aim to test the hypothesis that greater habitual maternal technology use will predict poorer infant emotion and intake regulation when infants are 6 and 12 months of age, greater socioemotional and behavioral problems at 12 months, and greater infant weight gain between birth and 12 months. In addition, we aim to describe levels of and changes in habitual maternal technology use from the prenatal and early postpartum periods and examine predictors of habitual technology use patterns. We propose a 15-month longitudinal study with nested within-subject experimental studies and bursts of daily passive sensing of device use and time diaries. Pregnant women will be recruited and assessed during their 3rd trimester of pregnancy, then mother-infant dyads will be assessed when infants are 2wk, 4mo, 6mo, 9mo, and 12mo of age. At 2wk and 4mo, mothers and infants will be observed feeding under 3 counterbalanced within-subject experimental feeding conditions: 1) Control, 2) TV Use, 3) Mobile Device Use. Videos of these feeding interactions will be coded to obtain a comprehensive understanding of potential impacts of maternal technology use on maternal attention, sensitivity to infant cues, and engagement of the infant, and on infant clarity of cues, attentional responsiveness to the mother, and intake. Infant emotion and intake regulation, and related socioemotional and behavioral problems, will be assessed via a combination of established behavioral protocols and validated questionnaires. To describe patterns of habitual maternal technology use, we will integrate passive sensing (via an app) of maternal technology use with time diaries; hypothesized predictors include maternal depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, feeding styles, and reflective functioning, and infant eating behaviors and temperament. In sum, the proposed research is an innovative, multi-level examination of potential impacts of maternal technology use on the quality and outcome of dyadic interactions during feeding. Findings from this study will provide a foundation for further research aimed at understanding how to balance potential benefits vs. drawbacks of technology use within family contexts.