Maternal technology use during feeding and infant self-regulation and growth

项目摘要 有效的自我调节技能的发展是早期最重要的成就之一， 童年.在婴儿期，自我调节的关键相互关联的领域包括情绪（即，窘迫 调节）和喂养（即，热量摄入调节）。是婴幼儿发育的重要基础 自我调节能力是照顾者对婴儿行为线索的敏感反应，特别是在 喂食然而，考虑到便携式技术的普遍存在（例如，智能手机），很可能许多 看护者在喂养婴儿时会被技术分散注意力，这可能会降低敏感反应能力 婴儿的暗示令人惊讶的是，很少有研究探讨技术干扰物对大脑的可能影响 早期喂养相互作用的质量和结果。本研究的主要目的是研究 母亲使用技术对早期喂养相互作用的影响以及这些影响在早期 婴儿期。我们还旨在检验这一假设，即更多的习惯性母亲技术使用将预测更差的 婴儿的情绪和摄入调节，当婴儿是6个月和12个月大，更大的社会情绪和 12个月时的行为问题，以及出生到12个月之间婴儿体重增加更大。另外我们 目的是描述从产前和早期开始的习惯性孕产妇技术使用的水平和变化， 产后时期，并检查习惯性技术使用模式的预测因素。我们建议15个月 纵向研究，包括嵌套的受试者内实验研究和器械的每日被动感知突发 使用和时间日记。将在妊娠晚期招募并评估孕妇， 然后在婴儿2周龄、4月龄、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄时评估母婴配对。第2周 和4个月时，将观察母亲和婴儿在3个平衡的受试者内实验 喂食条件：1）控制，2）电视使用，3）移动终端使用。这些喂食互动的视频将在 编码，以全面了解孕产妇技术使用对孕产妇健康的潜在影响。 注意力，对婴儿线索的敏感性，婴儿的参与，以及婴儿线索的清晰度，注意力 对母亲的反应和摄入量。婴儿情绪和摄入调节，以及相关的社会情绪 和行为问题，将通过建立行为协议的组合进行评估， 问卷调查为了描述习惯性的母亲技术使用模式，我们将整合被动传感 (via一个应用程序）与时间日记的母亲技术使用;假设的预测因素包括母亲抑郁 症状、压力、情绪调节、喂养方式和反射功能以及婴儿饮食行为 和气质。总之，拟议的研究是对潜在影响的创新性、多层次审查 产妇技术使用的质量和结果的二元互动喂养过程中。时发现的问题 这项研究将为旨在了解如何平衡潜在利益的进一步研究提供基础 vs.在家庭环境中使用技术的缺点。

PROJECT SUMMARY The development of effective self-regulation skills is one of the most important achievements of early childhood. During infancy, key interconnected domains of self-regulation include emotion (i.e., distress regulation) and feeding (i.e., caloric intake regulation). An important foundation for infants’ developing capacities for self-regulation is caregivers’ sensitive responsiveness to infant behavioral cues, especially during feeding. However, given the ubiquity of portable technologies (e.g., smartphones), it is likely that many caregivers are distracted by technology while feeding their infants, which may lower sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. Surprisingly few studies have examined possible effects of technological distractors on the quality and outcome of early feeding interactions. The primary aim of the proposed research is to examine impacts of maternal technology use on early feeding interactions and change in these impacts across early infancy. We also aim to test the hypothesis that greater habitual maternal technology use will predict poorer infant emotion and intake regulation when infants are 6 and 12 months of age, greater socioemotional and behavioral problems at 12 months, and greater infant weight gain between birth and 12 months. In addition, we aim to describe levels of and changes in habitual maternal technology use from the prenatal and early postpartum periods and examine predictors of habitual technology use patterns. We propose a 15-month longitudinal study with nested within-subject experimental studies and bursts of daily passive sensing of device use and time diaries. Pregnant women will be recruited and assessed during their 3rd trimester of pregnancy, then mother-infant dyads will be assessed when infants are 2wk, 4mo, 6mo, 9mo, and 12mo of age. At 2wk and 4mo, mothers and infants will be observed feeding under 3 counterbalanced within-subject experimental feeding conditions: 1) Control, 2) TV Use, 3) Mobile Device Use. Videos of these feeding interactions will be coded to obtain a comprehensive understanding of potential impacts of maternal technology use on maternal attention, sensitivity to infant cues, and engagement of the infant, and on infant clarity of cues, attentional responsiveness to the mother, and intake. Infant emotion and intake regulation, and related socioemotional and behavioral problems, will be assessed via a combination of established behavioral protocols and validated questionnaires. To describe patterns of habitual maternal technology use, we will integrate passive sensing (via an app) of maternal technology use with time diaries; hypothesized predictors include maternal depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, feeding styles, and reflective functioning, and infant eating behaviors and temperament. In sum, the proposed research is an innovative, multi-level examination of potential impacts of maternal technology use on the quality and outcome of dyadic interactions during feeding. Findings from this study will provide a foundation for further research aimed at understanding how to balance potential benefits vs. drawbacks of technology use within family contexts.