Does knowing the amount of milk in the bottle alter infant feeding practices?

描述(由申请人提供)：拟议研究的目标是检验与理解奶瓶喂养如何影响母亲的婴儿喂养行为和婴儿短期喂养行为相关的假设。这项拟议的研究旨在阐明优化婴儿期喂养的潜在战略，这是初级预防与不良摄入量和体重增加模式相关的负面健康后果的最早机会之一，如肥胖和II型糖尿病。之前的研究人员提出，奶瓶喂养的母亲是根据奶瓶中的牛奶或配方奶粉的数量来喂养的，而不是对婴儿饥饿和饱满的暗示做出反应，这会导致过度喂养、体重过度增加和肥胖风险增加。虽然看似合理，但这一假说背后的证据充其量是观察性的，我们目前缺乏实验数据，能够让我们充分了解奶瓶使用对母亲喂养习惯和婴儿消费的影响。这项研究的第一个具体目的是检验一种假设，即与用传统的透明奶瓶(CCB)喂养相比，用不透明的加重瓶(OWB；消除与瓶子中配方奶粉数量相关的视觉和重量线索)喂养的婴儿食用的配方奶粉会更少。这项研究的第二个具体目的是检验一种假设，即与使用CCBS喂养婴儿时相比，母亲在使用OWBS时会使用更具响应性的喂养做法。我们提出了一个受试者内部的设计来检验我们的假设。母婴双胞胎将在三个不同的场合访问我们的实验室进行喂养观察。所有访问将在一天中的同一时间进行，访问日期将被隔开一天。第一次访问将是一次适应访问，我们将在那里录制母亲们用CCB喂养她们的婴儿典型配方奶粉的过程。在第二次和第三次访问期间，我们将录制母亲们用CCB或OWB喂养婴儿的典型配方奶粉；奶瓶类型将在这两个访问日进行平衡。母亲们将被指示像往常一样在家中喂养她们的婴儿。奶瓶将在喂奶前和喂奶后称量，以评估婴儿的摄入量。视频记录稍后将使用护理儿童评估中的亲子互动喂养量表进行编码。我们假设，与CCB条件相比，在OWB条件下，婴儿食用的配方奶粉会更少，母亲对婴儿的暗示会表现出更高的敏感性。拟议的研究将为更大规模的干预努力提供重要的初步数据。这项研究的结果可能为一种新的方法提供证据，以促进奶瓶喂养母亲的响应性喂养做法：修改喂养环境，以促进奶瓶喂养母亲注意到婴儿表现出的饱腹感的能力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed research is to test hypotheses related to understanding how bottle-feeding influences mothers' infant feeding practices and young infants' short-term feeding behaviors. The proposed research aims to elucidate potential strategies for optimizing feeding during infancy, which is one of the earliest opportunities for primary prevention of the negative health outcomes associated with undesirable intake and weight gain patterns, such as obesity and type II diabetes. Previous researchers have proposed that bottle-feeding mothers feed in response to the amount of milk or formula in the bottle, rather than in response to infant hunger and fullness cues, leading to overfeeding, excessive weight gain, and heightened risk for obesity. Although plausible, the evidence underlying this hypothesis is observational, at best, and we are currently lacking experimental data that allow us to fully understand the impact of bottle usage on mothers' feeding practices and infant consumption. The first specific aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that infants will consume less formula when fed from opaque, weighted bottles (OWBs; which remove visual and weight clues related to the amount of formula in the bottle) compared to when fed from conventional clear bottles (CCBs). The second specific aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that mothers will use more responsive feeding practices when using OWBs compared to when using CCBs when feeding their infants. We propose a within-subject design to test our hypotheses. Mother-infant dyads will visit our laboratory on three separate occasions for feeding observations. All visits will occur at the same time of day and visit days will be separated by one day. The first visit will be an acclimation visit, where we wil video-record mothers while they feed their infants their typical formula from a CCB. During the second and third visits, we will video- record mothers as they feed their infants their typical formula from a CCB or OWB; bottle type will be counterbalanced across these two visit days. Mothers will be instructed to feed their infant as they normally would at home. Bottles will be weighed pre- and post-feeding to assess infant intake. Video-records will be later coded using the Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale from the Nursing Child Assessment. We hypothesize that during the OWB condition, infants will consume less formula and mothers will show greater sensitivity to infant cues when compared to the CCB condition. The proposed research will provide important preliminary data for larger-scale intervention efforts. Findings from this study could provide evidence for a novel approach to promoting responsive feeding practices in bottle-feeding mothers: modification of the feeding context to facilitate bottle-feeding mothers' ability o attend to satiation cues displayed by their infants.