Does knowing the amount of milk in the bottle alter infant feeding practices?

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议研究的目的是检验与理解奶瓶喂养如何影响母亲的婴儿喂养方式和年幼婴儿的短期喂养行为有关的假设。提出的研究旨在阐明优化婴儿喂养的潜在策略，这是早期预防与不良摄入和体重增加模式（如肥胖和II型糖尿病）相关的负面健康结果的最早机会之一。先前的研究人员提出，母乳喂养的母亲是根据奶瓶里的牛奶或配方奶粉的量来喂养的，而不是根据婴儿的饥饿和饱腹感来喂养，这会导致过度喂养，体重过度增加，并增加肥胖的风险。尽管这一假设看似合理，但其背后的证据充其量只是观察性的，而且我们目前缺乏实验数据，无法让我们充分了解奶瓶使用对母亲喂养方式和婴儿消费的影响。本研究的第一个具体目的是验证这样一个假设，即与用常规透明瓶（ccb）喂养相比，用不透明的加重瓶（owb；它消除了与瓶中配方奶粉数量有关的视觉和重量线索）喂养婴儿会消耗更少的配方奶粉。本研究的第二个具体目的是检验这样一种假设，即母亲在喂养婴儿时，与使用CCBs相比，使用OWBs会使用更灵敏的喂养方法。我们提出一个主题内设计来检验我们的假设。母子二人组将在三个不同的场合访问我们的实验室进行喂养观察。所有参观将在一天的同一时间进行，参观日将间隔一天。第一次访问将是一个适应访问，在那里我们将录像母亲，当他们喂养婴儿的典型配方奶粉从CCB。在第二次和第三次访问期间，我们将录像记录母亲给婴儿喂食CCB或OWB的典型配方奶粉；瓶型将平衡在这两个访问日。母亲们将被指示像平常在家一样喂养婴儿。奶瓶将在喂食前和喂食后称重，以评估婴儿的摄入量。视频记录稍后将使用《护理儿童评估》中的亲子互动喂养量表进行编码。我们假设，与CCB条件相比，在OWB条件下，婴儿将消耗较少的配方奶粉，母亲将对婴儿线索表现出更大的敏感性。该研究将为更大规模的干预工作提供重要的初步数据。本研究的发现可以为促进母乳喂养母亲反应性喂养实践的新方法提供证据：修改喂养环境以促进母乳喂养母亲注意婴儿显示的饱足提示的能力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed research is to test hypotheses related to understanding how bottle-feeding influences mothers' infant feeding practices and young infants' short-term feeding behaviors. The proposed research aims to elucidate potential strategies for optimizing feeding during infancy, which is one of the earliest opportunities for primary prevention of the negative health outcomes associated with undesirable intake and weight gain patterns, such as obesity and type II diabetes. Previous researchers have proposed that bottle-feeding mothers feed in response to the amount of milk or formula in the bottle, rather than in response to infant hunger and fullness cues, leading to overfeeding, excessive weight gain, and heightened risk for obesity. Although plausible, the evidence underlying this hypothesis is observational, at best, and we are currently lacking experimental data that allow us to fully understand the impact of bottle usage on mothers' feeding practices and infant consumption. The first specific aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that infants will consume less formula when fed from opaque, weighted bottles (OWBs; which remove visual and weight clues related to the amount of formula in the bottle) compared to when fed from conventional clear bottles (CCBs). The second specific aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that mothers will use more responsive feeding practices when using OWBs compared to when using CCBs when feeding their infants. We propose a within-subject design to test our hypotheses. Mother-infant dyads will visit our laboratory on three separate occasions for feeding observations. All visits will occur at the same time of day and visit days will be separated by one day. The first visit will be an acclimation visit, where we wil video-record mothers while they feed their infants their typical formula from a CCB. During the second and third visits, we will video- record mothers as they feed their infants their typical formula from a CCB or OWB; bottle type will be counterbalanced across these two visit days. Mothers will be instructed to feed their infant as they normally would at home. Bottles will be weighed pre- and post-feeding to assess infant intake. Video-records will be later coded using the Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale from the Nursing Child Assessment. We hypothesize that during the OWB condition, infants will consume less formula and mothers will show greater sensitivity to infant cues when compared to the CCB condition. The proposed research will provide important preliminary data for larger-scale intervention efforts. Findings from this study could provide evidence for a novel approach to promoting responsive feeding practices in bottle-feeding mothers: modification of the feeding context to facilitate bottle-feeding mothers' ability o attend to satiation cues displayed by their infants.