Development and Validation of Novel Prospective GPS/GIS Based Exposure Measures

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去的十年中，我们对社区在预防肥胖中的作用的理解取得了进展。然而，大部分研究都集中在住宅地址周围的建筑环境与身体活动（PA）之间的关系上。关注静态地址点周围的环境有几个缺点。健康行为发生在多个地点和前往目的地的路线上。专注于一个地点，比如住宅地址，低估了暴露在多种环境中的风险。此外，健康行为通常以综合方式进行评估，例如，一天的总PA。将一个地点与总体行为联系起来会导致低估效应大小，特别是当行为不是主要发生在该地点时。轻量、低成本和精确的GPS设备的出现使研究人员能够客观地跟踪个人的位置。虽然已将地理信息系统数据与全球定位系统数据结合使用，但迄今为止只采用了静态方法；例如，使用地理信息系统来确定某些地点的时间，但不探索路线缓冲区或每天暴露于多个地点

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In the last decade, our understanding of neighborhoods' role in obesity prevention has progressed. However, much of the research has focused on the relationships between the built environment around a residential address and physical activity (PA). Focusing on the environment around static address points has several drawbacks. Health behaviors occur in multiple locations and along routes to destinations. Focusing on one location, such as residential address, underestimates the exposure to multiple environments. Further, health behaviors are usually assessed in an aggregate manner, for example, total PA across the day. Relating one location to total behavior results in underestimated effect sizes, especially if the behavior does not primarily occur at that location. The emergence of lightweight, low cost, and accurate GPS devices has enabled researchers to objectively track the location of an individual. While GIS data have been used in conjunction with GPS data, to date only a static approach has been employed; i.e. using the GIS to determine time in certain locations, but not exploring route buffers or daily exposures to multiple land uses across time and space. In two study samples of almost 500 participants with GPS and accelerometer data, we will develop novel, dynamic GIS based variables of daily exposure to environments that support PA (e.g. parks, connected streets, access to public transportation, and multiple destinations) and healthy eating (e.g. grocery stores). With the GPS traces, we can create "expozones" around multiple locations, investigate temporal associations, and estimate environmental exposures along routes. We can weight exposures by mode and speed and investigate GIS based land uses "in view" of the GPS traces. New techniques to summarize the environmental exposures will be developed to avoid regression to the mean from varying exposures across the day. One data set includes prospective data from an ecological intervention trial in 16 retirement communities. This will allow us to assess changes in "home range" (how widely people travel) based on the built environment. With only 16 communities, we can also feasibly observe and code the local land uses to assess the validity of the GIS databases. With more refined behavioral measures, inaccuracies in the GIS data become more problematic. The other dataset includes greater variability in residential addresses, increasing the generalizability of our findings and improving the comparison with traditional static location based GIS buffers against our dynamic exposure measures across the day. Further this second data set includes measures of dietary intake that will allow us to assess the impact of full-day exposure to food environments on healthy eating, which is likely to be a major improvement. Our multidisciplinary team of experts will develop and validate the new measures against behaviors and health outcomes using a spilt halves method. This measurement development work will support two R01 applications: 1) a multi-country GPS study 2) application of new methods to existing GPS samples (N=2850). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: We are only just starting to understand how where we live, work and spend our time affects how healthy we are. This study will use GPS data that provides traces of people throughout the day, showing where they are spending their time and how they get there. Understanding the types of places where people are active and get their food will help us create environments that help people be active and eat better.