Sleep and Emotion Regulation across Early Childhood

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究主要关注儿童早期（2-5岁）睡眠和情绪过程的共同发展和共同调节。本研究的具体目的是：(1)研究睡眠稳态的早期发育过程（即积累和耗散）；(2)检查昼夜节律过程中的早期发育变化（即相位、幅度、夹带的相位角）；(3)确定急性睡眠限制对情绪调节的生理和行为措施的影响。鉴于早期情绪/行为问题的普遍性（7%-24%）及其稳定性，确定可能改变精神疾病途径的因素至关重要。睡眠-觉醒调节就是其中一个因素。健康、正常发育的幼儿（n=40，年龄2-5岁）将参加每年四次的为期30天的家庭睡眠平衡、昼夜节律和情绪调节评估。目的1探讨睡眠稳态的积累（建立）和耗散（衰减）中的发育变化。孩子们在遵循严格的睡眠醒来时间表的同时进行研究。在五个非连续的日子里，多导睡眠仪记录睡眠的时间随先前清醒程度的变化而变化。在延长清醒4小时、7小时、10小时、13小时和16小时后，计算非快速眼动睡眠时慢波活动范围（0.75 hz -4.5 hz）的脑电图频谱功率。累积参数（时间常数，上渐近线）通过SWA在每次记录的第一个NREM睡眠发作中估计。耗散测量为整夜记录（13小时和16小时延长清醒）NREM睡眠期间SWA的时间过程。目标2研究了昼夜节律测量的发育变化，包括昼夜节律阶段[唾液暗光褪黑激素起效（DLMO）]、尿液褪黑激素振幅和摄取相位角（DLMO到就寝时间和DLMO到醒来时间间隔）。第三个目标是解决结构化和非结构化家庭背景下睡眠限制对情绪调节的影响。据推测，睡眠限制会(a)增加消极反应；(b)减少积极反应；(c)减少注意力、抑制控制和适应性调节策略的使用；(d)提高生理反应（呼吸性窦性心律失常，皮质醇反应）对情绪刺激/情况

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research focuses on the co-development and co-regulation of the sleep and emotion processes during early childhood (ages 2-5 years). The specific aims of this research are (1) to examine the early developmental progression of sleep homeostasis (i.e., accumulation and dissipation); (2) to examine early developmental changes in the circadian process (i.e., phase, amplitude, phase angle of entrainment); and (3) to determine the impact of acute sleep restriction on physiological and behavioral measures of emotion regulation. Given the prevalence of early emotional/behavioral problems (7%-24%) and their stability, identifying factors that may alter pathways to mental illness is critical. Sleep-wake regulation is one such factor. Healthy, normally developing young children (n=40; ages 2-5 years) will participate in four annual 30-day in-home assessments of sleep homeostasis, circadian rhythms, and emotion regulation. Aim 1 addresses developmental changes in the accumulation (build up) and dissipation (decay) of sleep homeostasis. Children are studied while following a strict sleep wake schedule. On five non-consecutive days, the timing of polysomnographic sleep recordings varies as a function of prior wakefulness. EEG spectral power in the slow- wave activity range (.75Hz-4.5Hz) is computed in NREM sleep after 4hrs, 7hrs, 10hrs, 13hrs, and 16hrs of extended wakefulness. Accumulation parameters (time constant, upper asymptote) are estimated by SWA in the first NREM sleep episode of each recording. Dissipation is measured as the time course of SWA during NREM sleep episodes in all-night recordings (13hrs and 16hrs extended wakefulness). Aim 2 addresses developmental changes in circadian measures, including circadian phase [salivary dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO)], urinary melatonin amplitude, and phase angle of entrainment (DLMO-to-bedtime and DLMO-to-wake time intervals). The third aim addresses the effects of sleep restriction on emotion regulation in structured and unstructured home-based contexts. It is hypothesized that sleep restriction will (a) increases negative responsivity; (b) decrease positive responsivity; (c) decrease attention, inhibitory control, and use of adaptive regulation strategies; and (d) heighten physiological responses (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cortisol reactivity) to emotionally eliciting stimuli/situations