Basic Research In Personality: Aging

人格基础研究：衰老

• 批准号: 8736486
• 负责人: Susan Resnick
• 金额: $ 28.05万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8736486
• 关键词: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Age; Aging; Alzheimer' s Disease; Alzheimer' s disease risk; Autopsy; Basic Science; Behavior; Biological Markers; Characteristics; Cognitive; Communities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dimensions; Disease; Education; Emotions; Epidemiology; Ethnic Origin; General Population; Health; Impaired cognition; Individual; Individual Differences; Investigation; Life; Longevity; Mental Health; Morbidity - disease rate; Neurotic Disorders; Occupations; Outcome; Pathology; Patient Self-Report; Pattern; Perception; Personal Satisfaction; Personality; Personality Traits; Persons; Physiological; Process; Psychological Factors; Psychopathology; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Retirement; Risk Behaviors; Role; Sampling; Testing; Thinking; Time; age difference; age group; age related; interest; longitudinal design; mortality; physical conditioning; programs; psychologic; relating to nervous system; sex; socioeconomics; trait; trend

The notion of stability is central to the definition of personality traits, which are generally thought of as enduring tendencies or habitual patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions (McCrae & Costa, 2003), but stability does not imply immutability. Under normal circumstances, adult traits are largely stable, as indicated by high correlation coefficients computed for a group assessed twice on the same trait. These coefficients represent the average stability for a sample, but individuals vary in terms of their intra-individual stability. A longitudinal intra-individual approach was used to examine stabilities across two successive intervals traced within individuals. Individual stability coefficients from eight different longitudinal samples were computed to evaluate intra-individual (i.e., within-person) change in stability over time. Test-retest periods ranged from five to nine years. For both trait and profile (ipsative) stability, results indicate that intra-individual stability increases up to age 30 and then plateaus. Neither demographic variables (sex, ethnicity, education, and secular trends), nor the standing on the five major dimensions of personality, were predictors of change in trait stability. Contrary to results from studies of adolescents, personality maturity was unrelated to personality stability in adulthood. These findings support the notion that personality stability plateaus early in adulthood. Despite the relative stability of individual differences, in recent years we have extended the studies of mean-level change in personality by examining longitudinal trajectories in more diverse samples and cross-sectional trends across cultures. We have also focused on community or epidemiological investigations to study the causes of the modest changes that occur in personality traits in adulthood. In addition to health, we are interested in the reciprocal influences of personality and life circumstances, such as job characteristics and retirement transition. Furthermore, we aim to delineate the neural and cognitive correlates of personality dimensions across longitudinal assessments. Most recently, we have investigated the association between personality factors and risk for Alzheimer's disease, as well as personality in relation to the presence of Alzheimer's pathology at autopsy. These studies have shown that high neuroticism and low conscientiousness are predictors of increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. In addition, individuals who are low in neuroticism and high in conscientiousness are more likely to be asymptomatic despite the presence of Alzheimer's pathology. As part of a larger research program in downstream consequences of certain personality traits, we investigated the role of culture, and the socioeconomic correlates of culture, on personality, health, and well-being of individuals of different age groups. We collected both self-report and personality perceptions of people across the lifespan about targets of different ages. Both the levels and trajectory of personality differences across the lifespan were substantially similar across a wide variety of cultures; perceptions about the personality of people in various age groups closely track the self-reported personality levels at each particular age. Currently we are investigating possible socioeconomic correlates of individual differences both within and across cultures in order to understand basic processes that affect the environmental expression of various trait dispositions.

稳定性的概念是人格特质定义的核心，人格特质通常被认为是行为、思想和情感的持久倾向或习惯模式（McCrae & Costa，2003），但稳定性并不意味着一成不变。在正常情况下，成人性状在很大程度上是稳定的，正如对同一性状进行两次评估的一组计算出的高相关系数所表明的那样。这些系数代表样本的平均稳定性，但个体的个体内稳定性有所不同。使用纵向个体内方法来检查个体内追踪的两个连续间隔的稳定性。计算八个不同纵向样本的个体稳定性系数，以评估个体内（即人内）稳定性随时间的变化。重测周期从五年到九年不等。对于性状和概况（自比）稳定性，结果表明个体内部稳定性在 30 岁之前都会增加，然后趋于稳定。人口统计变量（性别、种族、教育和世俗趋势）和人格的五个主要维度的地位都不是特质稳定性变化的预测因素。与青少年研究的结果相反，人格成熟度与成年后的人格稳定性无关。这些发现支持人格稳定性在成年早期趋于稳定的观点。 尽管个体差异相对稳定，近年来，我们通过检查更多样化样本中的纵向轨迹和跨文化的横截面趋势，扩展了人格平均水平变化的研究。我们还专注于社区或流行病学调查，以研究成年后人格特质发生适度变化的原因。除了健康之外，我们还对性格和生活环境的相互影响感兴趣，例如工作特征和退休过渡。此外，我们的目标是在纵向评估中描绘人格维度的神经和认知相关性。 最近，我们研究了性格因素与阿尔茨海默病风险之间的关联，以及性格与尸检时阿尔茨海默病病理存在的关系。 这些研究表明，高度神经质和低责任感是阿尔茨海默病风险增加的预测因素。 此外，尽管存在阿尔茨海默病病理，但神经质程度较低且责任心较高的人更有可能没有症状。 作为某些人格特质下游影响的大型研究计划的一部分，我们调查了文化以及文化的社会经济相关性对不同年龄段个体的人格、健康和福祉的作用。我们收集了人们一生中对不同年龄目标的自我报告和个性认知。在多种文化中，一生中人格差异的水平和轨迹都基本相似。对不同年龄组的人的性格的看法与每个特定年龄的自我报告的性格水平密切相关。目前，我们正在研究文化内部和文化之间个体差异可能存在的社会经济相关性，以了解影响各种特质倾向的环境表达的基本过程。