Basic Research In Personality: Cross-Cultural Research

本实验室以前的研究已经通过对大学生和成年人样本中的特征进行平均评估来研究文化中的人格特征。我们通过调查24种文化中12至17岁的评分来扩展这一研究路线。青少年的观察员评级是使用NEO人格量表-3（NEO-PI-3）获得的，这是修订的NEO人格量表（NEO-PI-R）的一个更可读的版本，在不同文化中显示出良好的心理测量特性。总分数是概括在年龄和性别，并显示收敛与文化水平的分数从以前的研究自我报告和观察员的成年人评级。非西方文化在与外向性相关的维度上得分略低。此外，青少年评分的总分与民族性格刻板印象无关，这与以前的研究一致，这些研究挑战了这些广泛认同的信念的准确性。 这项多国研究包括对年龄组、性别和国家的性格定型进行系统评估。在26种文化（N = 3，323）中，使用国民性格定型措施评估了年龄和性别群体的性格定型，其中包括NEO-PI-3中包含的30个方面中的每个方面的项目。参与者在他们自己的国家对青少年、成年人和老年人年龄组中的男性或女性进行评分。我们将不同年龄组的人格刻板印象与先前发表的每个年龄组的自我报告和自我评价人格进行了比较。在不同的文化中，青少年被认为是冲动的，叛逆的，无纪律的，喜欢刺激和新奇的，而老年人一直被认为冲动，活动，对抗和开放性较低。结果表明，年龄组的刻板印象是非常准确的，只有微小的变化，但个人的刻板印象的任何特定的评分员是不准确的，比每个年龄组的总刻板印象。这种模式的调查结果表明，年龄定型观念的形成可能有文化中立的起源。 在对国民性格刻板印象的评估中，参与者被要求对他们文化中典型成员的性格以及美国人的典型性格进行评级。在不同的文化中，美国人的热情和能力的评级与评级文化的GDP有系统的关系，例如，富裕的国家将美国人评为更热情，更不称职。当评分员自己的家庭收入被用作预测因素时，结果相似。研究结果与社会知觉维度的理论相一致。

Previous research in this Laboratory has examined personality profiles of cultures obtained by averaging traits assessed in samples of college students and adults. We have extended this line of research by examining ratings of 12 to 17 years old in 24 cultures. Observer ratings of adolescents were obtained using the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), which showed good psychometric properties across cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across age and gender and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults. Non-Western cultures tend to score slightly lower on a dimension related to Extraversion. Further, aggregate scores of adolescent ratings were unrelated to national character stereotypes, consistent with previous research that challenge the accuracy of these widely shared beliefs. The multinational study includes systematic assessments of personality stereotypes of age groups and genders as well as nations. Personality stereotypes of age and gender groups were assessed in each of the 26 cultures (N = 3,323) using the National Character Stereotypes measure, which includes items for each of the 30 facets included in the NEO-PI-3. Participants rated either males or females in the age groups adolescent, adult, and old in their own country. We compared assessed personality stereotypes of different age groups with previously published self-reported and observer-rated personality at each of the age groups. Across cultures, adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. Results showed that stereotypes of age groups were remarkably accurate, with only minor variability, though personal stereotypes of any particular rater were less accurate than the aggregate stereotype of each age group. This pattern of findings suggests that the formation of age stereotypes may have culture-neutral origins. In the assessment of National Character Stereotypes, participants were asked to rate the personality of the typical member of their culture, as well as the typical personality of Americans. Across cultures, the rating of Americans warmth and competence was systematically related to the rater cultures GDP, such that wealthier countries rated Americans as more warm and less competent. Results were similar when raters own family income is used as the predictor. Findings were consistent with theories on the dimensions of social perception.