SEX DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND SURVIVAL IN A WILD PRIMATE POPULATION

参见说明）： 健康和衰老期间生存的性别差异是医学，流行病学， 人口统计学和进化生物学。尽管有这种普遍的兴趣，尽管有大量关于老龄化的数据， 在人类和一些经过充分研究的模式生物中，野生动物的衰老模式在很大程度上仍然存在， 未描述。对野生动物种群的衰老研究，特别是对我们的灵长类亲戚的研究， 对我们理解人类衰老的潜在益处。他们可以提供一个比较的视角， 人类衰老，产生新的问题，产生对旧问题答案的见解，并确定 减轻老龄化不利后果的机会。 这项提案的首要目标是填补我们对野外衰老知识的重大空白， 来实现这些潜在的好处。具体而言，我们建议研究 健康和生存，以及这些年龄相关变化的性别差异，在一个自然的非人类灵长类动物 人口我们的动机问题是健康生存悖论，在现代社会中观察到的现象。 在人类社会中，女性比男性更长寿，但残疾率更高。它 目前还不清楚健康-生存悖论是否适用于野生动物种群。我们假设 它确实是相关的，而且许多影响人类生存和健康的相同因素 野生灵长类动物中的相似之处，尽管物种之间存在重要的社会和身体差异。 在进行研究时，我们会利用现有的长期数据库， 对肯尼亚安博塞利盆地的狒狒种群进行了几乎前所未有的深度和广度的研究。这 一群个体已知的动物已经被连续观察了35年， 生活史和行为数据已经收集了个别确定的动物在整个自然环境中， 寿命通过研究这一人群的生存和健康的个体模式，我们建议提供 第一次详细描述了野生灵长类种群衰老的性别差异。我们的分析将 不仅关注生存率随年龄的下降，而且关注健康和功能随年龄的变化。 相关性（参见说明）： 在追求我们的研究目标，我们将确定性别差异的行为，创造风险，性别 危险因素影响的差异，以及测量的稳定性和一致性的性别差异。 功能总之，我们的分析将使我们能够确定健康生存的性质和原因， 野生灵长类动物的悖论，以及人类的悖论。

Seeinstructions): Sex differences in health and survival during aging are major topics of interest in medicine, epidemiology, demography and evolutionary biology. Despite this pervasive interest, and despite a wealth of data on aging in humans and a few well-studied model organisms, patterns of aging in wild animals remain largely undescribed. Studies of aging in wild animal populations, especially in our primate relatives, offer great potential benefits for our understanding of aging in humans. They can provide a comparative perspective on human aging, generate new questions, produce insights into the answers to old ones, and identify opportunities for alleviating the adverse consequences of aging. An overarching goal of this proposal is to fill significant gaps in our knowledge of aging in the wild in order to realize some of these potential benefits. Specifically, we propose to examine age-related changes in health and survival, and sex differences in these age-related changes, in a natural nonhuman primate population. Our motivating question is the health-survival paradox, the phenomenon observed in modern human societies in which women experience greater longevity and yet higher rates of disability than men. It is not known whether the health-survival paradox pertains in wild animal populations. Here we hypothesize that it does pertain, and that many of the same factors that affect survival and health in humans have parallels in wild primates, in spite of important social and physical differences between species. In pursuing the research, we will take advantage of and build upon an existing long-term database of almost unprecedented breadth and depth on the baboon population of the Amboseli basin in Kenya. This population of individually known animals has been under continuous observation for 35 years, and extensive life history and behavioral data have been collected on individually identified animals throughout their natural life spans. By examining individual patterns of survival and health in this population, we propose to provide the first detailed description of sex differences in senescence in a wild primate population. Our analyses will focus not only on the decline in survival with age, but also on changes in health and function with age. RELEVANCE (See instructions): In pursuing our research aims we will identify sex differences in behaviors that create risks, sex differences in the effects of risk factors, and sex differences in the stability and congruence of measures of function. Taken together, our analyses will enable us to identify the nature and causes of the health-survival paradox in wild primates, and by extension in humans.