SEX DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND SURVIVAL IN A WILD PRIMATE POPULATION

参见说明）： 衰老过程中健康和生存的性别差异是医学、流行病学、 人口统计学和进化生物学。尽管人们对此普遍感兴趣，尽管有大量关于老龄化的数据 在人类和一些经过充分研究的模式生物中，野生动物的衰老模式在很大程度上仍然存在 未描述。对野生动物种群（尤其是我们的灵长类亲戚）衰老的研究提供了很好的建议。 对我们了解人类衰老的潜在好处。他们可以提供比较视角 人类衰老，产生新问题，深入了解旧问题的答案，并确定 减轻老龄化不利后果的机会。 该提案的首要目标是填补我们在野外衰老方面的知识空白，以便 实现其中一些潜在的好处。具体来说，我们建议检查与年龄相关的变化 自然非人类灵长类动物的健康和生存以及这些与年龄相关的变化中的性别差异 人口。我们的动机问题是健康与生存悖论，这是在现代社会中观察到的现象 在人类社会中，女性比男性寿命更长，但残疾率更高。它 目前尚不清楚健康与生存悖论是否存在于野生动物种群中。这里我们假设 它确实相关，并且影响人类生存和健康的许多相同因素已经 尽管物种之间存在重要的社会和身体差异，但野生灵长类动物的情况相似。 在进行研究时，我们将利用并建立现有的长期数据库 对肯尼亚安博塞利盆地狒狒种群的广度和深度几乎前所未有。这个 35年来，对已知个体的动物种群进行了连续观察，并进行了广泛的研究 已经收集了单独识别的动物在其整个自然过程中的生活史和行为数据。 寿命。通过检查该人群的个体生存和健康模式，我们建议提供 首次详细描述野生灵长类动物衰老过程中的性别差异。我们的分析将 不仅关注随年龄增长的生存率下降，还关注健康和功能随年龄增长的变化。 相关性（参见说明）： 在追求我们的研究目标时，我们将识别造成风险、性别的行为中的性别差异 风险因素影响的差异，以及措施稳定性和一致性的性别差异 功能。总而言之，我们的分析将使我们能够确定健康生存的本质和原因 野生灵长类动物的悖论，以及人类的悖论。

Seeinstructions): Sex differences in health and survival during aging are major topics of interest in medicine, epidemiology, demography and evolutionary biology. Despite this pervasive interest, and despite a wealth of data on aging in humans and a few well-studied model organisms, patterns of aging in wild animals remain largely undescribed. Studies of aging in wild animal populations, especially in our primate relatives, offer great potential benefits for our understanding of aging in humans. They can provide a comparative perspective on human aging, generate new questions, produce insights into the answers to old ones, and identify opportunities for alleviating the adverse consequences of aging. An overarching goal of this proposal is to fill significant gaps in our knowledge of aging in the wild in order to realize some of these potential benefits. Specifically, we propose to examine age-related changes in health and survival, and sex differences in these age-related changes, in a natural nonhuman primate population. Our motivating question is the health-survival paradox, the phenomenon observed in modern human societies in which women experience greater longevity and yet higher rates of disability than men. It is not known whether the health-survival paradox pertains in wild animal populations. Here we hypothesize that it does pertain, and that many of the same factors that affect survival and health in humans have parallels in wild primates, in spite of important social and physical differences between species. In pursuing the research, we will take advantage of and build upon an existing long-term database of almost unprecedented breadth and depth on the baboon population of the Amboseli basin in Kenya. This population of individually known animals has been under continuous observation for 35 years, and extensive life history and behavioral data have been collected on individually identified animals throughout their natural life spans. By examining individual patterns of survival and health in this population, we propose to provide the first detailed description of sex differences in senescence in a wild primate population. Our analyses will focus not only on the decline in survival with age, but also on changes in health and function with age. RELEVANCE (See instructions): In pursuing our research aims we will identify sex differences in behaviors that create risks, sex differences in the effects of risk factors, and sex differences in the stability and congruence of measures of function. Taken together, our analyses will enable us to identify the nature and causes of the health-survival paradox in wild primates, and by extension in humans.