SEX DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND SURVIVAL IN A WILD PRIMATE POPULATION

请参阅说明)： 健康和老年存活率的性别差异是医学、流行病学、 人口学和进化生物学。尽管有这种无处不在的兴趣，尽管有大量关于老龄化的数据 在人类和一些经过充分研究的模式生物中，野生动物的衰老模式基本上仍然存在 未被描述。对野生动物种群衰老的研究，特别是在我们的灵长类近亲中，提供了很大的帮助 对我们理解人类衰老的潜在益处。他们可以提供一种比较的视角 人类老龄化，产生新问题，洞察旧问题的答案，并确定 有机会减轻老龄化带来的不利后果。 这项提议的首要目标是填补我们对野外衰老知识的重大空白，以便 以实现其中一些潜在的好处。具体地说，我们建议研究与年龄有关的变化 在自然的非人类灵长类动物中，这些年龄相关变化中的健康和存活率以及性别差异 人口。我们的动机问题是健康-生存悖论，这是在现代社会中观察到的现象 在人类社会中，女性的寿命比男性更长，但残疾比率却更高。它 目前尚不清楚这种健康生存悖论是否存在于野生动物种群中。在这里，我们假设 它确实与人类有关，而且许多影响人类生存和健康的相同因素 野生灵长类动物的相似之处，尽管物种之间存在重要的社会和生理差异。 在进行这项研究时，我们会利用和建立现有的长期资料库。 几乎是史无前例的广度和深度，在肯尼亚的安博塞利盆地的狒狒种群。这 个体已知动物的种群已经被持续观察了35年，而且范围很广 生命史和行为数据已经收集了各个身份的动物在整个自然过程中 生命的跨度。通过研究这一人群的个体生存和健康模式，我们建议提供 首次详细描述了野生灵长类种群衰老过程中的性别差异。我们的分析将 不仅要关注存活率随年龄增长而下降的问题，还要关注健康和功能随年龄增长的变化。 相关性(请参阅说明)： 在追求我们的研究目标时，我们将确定造成风险的行为中的性别差异，性行为 危险因素影响的差异，以及性别差异在测量的稳定性和一致性上的差异 功能。综上所述，我们的分析将使我们能够确定健康生存的本质和原因 野生灵长类中的悖论，进而在人类中也是如此。

Seeinstructions): Sex differences in health and survival during aging are major topics of interest in medicine, epidemiology, demography and evolutionary biology. Despite this pervasive interest, and despite a wealth of data on aging in humans and a few well-studied model organisms, patterns of aging in wild animals remain largely undescribed. Studies of aging in wild animal populations, especially in our primate relatives, offer great potential benefits for our understanding of aging in humans. They can provide a comparative perspective on human aging, generate new questions, produce insights into the answers to old ones, and identify opportunities for alleviating the adverse consequences of aging. An overarching goal of this proposal is to fill significant gaps in our knowledge of aging in the wild in order to realize some of these potential benefits. Specifically, we propose to examine age-related changes in health and survival, and sex differences in these age-related changes, in a natural nonhuman primate population. Our motivating question is the health-survival paradox, the phenomenon observed in modern human societies in which women experience greater longevity and yet higher rates of disability than men. It is not known whether the health-survival paradox pertains in wild animal populations. Here we hypothesize that it does pertain, and that many of the same factors that affect survival and health in humans have parallels in wild primates, in spite of important social and physical differences between species. In pursuing the research, we will take advantage of and build upon an existing long-term database of almost unprecedented breadth and depth on the baboon population of the Amboseli basin in Kenya. This population of individually known animals has been under continuous observation for 35 years, and extensive life history and behavioral data have been collected on individually identified animals throughout their natural life spans. By examining individual patterns of survival and health in this population, we propose to provide the first detailed description of sex differences in senescence in a wild primate population. Our analyses will focus not only on the decline in survival with age, but also on changes in health and function with age. RELEVANCE (See instructions): In pursuing our research aims we will identify sex differences in behaviors that create risks, sex differences in the effects of risk factors, and sex differences in the stability and congruence of measures of function. Taken together, our analyses will enable us to identify the nature and causes of the health-survival paradox in wild primates, and by extension in humans.