A Website to Teach Children Safety with Dogs: Development and Evaluation

一个用狗教孩子安全的网站：开发与评估 狗咬伤每年导致80多万名医生/急诊室就诊，6,000人住院，12人死亡 美国。在很大程度上，儿童遭受的风险最高--儿童通常会被熟人叮咬 狗在熟悉的地方。有几个项目可以降低儿童被狗咬伤的风险，但很少有项目是经验性的- 受支持的或理论上有动机的。没有一个是广泛传播的。这项研究建立在现有的儿童狗的基础上 咬伤预防计划，开发并评估一个网站，教孩子们与狗安全互动。 该网站将是互动的，娱乐性和吸引力的，让儿童(目标年龄4-6岁)在一个 技术先进和互动的环境。它将以行为理论为基础进行开发。 听从儿童发展理论，它将教授并允许练习在早期发展起来的认知技能 对狗的安全来说，控制冲动、思考问题和注意细节是非常重要的。 听取健康行为改变理论，该网站将帮助孩子和他们的父母感知个人 易被咬伤，认识到保护自己的规范行为，并有个人动机 改变以前的习惯。网站设计的首要目标将是创建一个引人入胜和娱乐性的 环境，并促进儿童和父母双方的认知和行为改变，通过多个 机械装置。除了教育孩子，该网站还将通过创新的信息系统教育家长 由儿童达到的分数和“技能水平”触发。 在网站开发后，将进行一项评估研究，调查网站使用的可用性和有效性 采用重复测量前测、后测的实验设计。将招募68名4-6岁的儿童，完成 通过多种方法评估与犬只安全相关的知识和行为的干预前评估， 然后被随机分配到使用新开发的狗安全网站或控制行人 在接下来的2周内在家中安全网站。频繁的提醒会鼓励网站的使用。 在为期两周的时间内，所有儿童将返回接受干预后评估组合评估 知识和行为的改变。数据将使用描述性和推断性统计进行分析，主要 使用线性混合模型检验假设。

A Website to Teach Children Safety with Dogs: Development and Evaluation Dog bites result in over 800,000 doctor/ER visits, 6000 hospitalizations, and a dozen deaths each year in the United States. By a large margin, children suffer the highest risk - and children typically are bitten by familiar dogs in familiar places. Several programs exist to reduce pediatric dog bite risk, but few are empirically- supported or theoretically-motivated. None are widely disseminated. This study builds from existing child dog bite prevention programs to develop and then evaluate a website to teach children safe interactions with dogs. The website will be interactive, entertaining, and engaging, allowing children (target ages 4-6) to learn in a technologically-sophisticated and interactive environment. It will be developed based in behavioral theory. Hearkening child development theory, it will teach and permit practice of cognitive skills that develop in early childhood and are critical to safety with dogs: impulse control, perspective taking, and attention to details. Hearkening health behavior change theory, the website will help children and their parents perceive personal vulnerability to bites, recognize normative behavior to protect themselves, and have personal motivation to change previous habits. Overarching the website design will be goals to create an engaging and entertaining environment, and to facilitate cognitive and behavioral change on the part of both child and parent via multiple mechanisms. Besides teaching children, the website will educate parents via an innovative messaging system triggered by child attainment of points and "skill levels". Following website development, an evaluation study will investigate usability and efficacy of the website using a repeated measures pre-test, post-test experimental design. 68 children ages 4-6 will be recruited, complete a pre-intervention assessment evaluating knowledge and behavior relevant to dog safety via multiple methods, and then be randomly assigned to use either the newly-developed dog safety website or a control pedestrian safety website at home over the subsequent 2 weeks. Frequent reminders will encourage website use. Following the 2-week period, all children will return for a post-intervention assessment battery to evaluate knowledge and behavior change. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with primary hypotheses tested using linear mixed models.