Maternal Dietary Patterns and Child Weight Status

描述（由申请人提供）：肥胖是发达国家和发展中国家日益严重的公共卫生问题。截至2010年，估计有4300万儿童肥胖，9200万儿童有超重的风险。在美国，2008年近10%的婴儿和幼儿被归类为高体重。预防儿童肥胖症很重要，因为3岁以下肥胖儿童的成人肥胖风险为男性15%，女性24%，并且与直接和长期健康后果以及过早成年死亡的风险增加有关。研究表明，肥胖的起源可能早在胎儿发育期间，怀孕期间的母体营养可能在胎儿后期肥胖的发展中发挥作用。该研究培训计划将为奖学金申请人提供进一步发展理论，分析和研究经验的机会，以调查母体营养在肥胖的胎儿起源中的作用，这将作为论文研究的一部分进行检查。本论文的主要研究目的是：（1）探讨孕妇孕期膳食结构与胎儿环境中的营养指标（包括血糖、胰岛素、瘦素、甘油三酯和总胆固醇）之间的关系;（2）探讨孕妇孕期膳食结构与新生儿出生体重Z评分之间的关系;（3）探讨母亲膳食结构与婴儿出生至36个月体重变化的关系。将使用妊娠、感染和营养（PIN）研究、PIN产后研究和PIN儿童研究的第三队列数据进行拟定研究。在研究期间，研究员申请人将实现以下短期目标：（1）了解肥胖生理学，内分泌学和神经内分泌学在调节食欲和能量平衡方面的作用，以及营养在这些过程中的作用;（2）扩大知识和技能，以发展和解决重大，科学相关的研究问题和设计和分析流行病学研究;（3）了解生物，社会，环境和行为因素，有助于种族差异的怀孕结果和肥胖患病率;（4）加强专业和个人发展;（5）了解作为独立调查员的期望和环境，以确保通过奖学金和早期教师年的成功进展。这些目标将通过与营养和围产期流行病学领域的领导者进行互动和合作，参加会议和研讨会，以及在营养和流行病学年度会议上发表演讲来实现。此外，该奖学金申请将促进申请人的职业道路，成为围产期和儿科流行病学营养方面的独立，跨学科的研究者。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Obesity is a growing public health concern in developed and developing countries. As of 2010, an estimated 43 million children were obese and 92 million were at risk of becoming overweight. In the US, nearly 10% of infants and toddlers were classified as high weight in 2008. Childhood obesity is important to prevent because the risk of adult obesity for obese children three-years of age is 15% for males and 24% in females, and associated with an increased risk of immediate and long-term health consequences and premature adult mortality. Research studies suggest that the origins of obesity may be as early as during fetal development and maternal nutrition during pregnancy may play a role in programming the fetus for later development of obesity. This research-training plan will provide the fellowship applicant an opportunity to further develop the theoretical, analytical, and research experience needed to investigate the role of maternal nutrition in the fetal origins of obesity, which will be examined as a part of the dissertation research. The dissertation research will address the following specific aims: (1) to explore the association between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and maternal nutrient biomarkers of fetal environment including glucose, insulin, leptin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol; (2) to examine the relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and birth weight z-score; and (3) to investigate the association between maternal dietary patterns and child weight trajectory from birth to 36 months. Data from the third cohort of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN) study, PIN Postpartum study, and PIN Kids study will be used to conduct the proposed research. During the fellowship period, the fellowship applicant will achieve the following short-term goals: (1) to acquire an appreciation of the physiology of obesity, endocrinology, and neuroendocrinology in regulation of appetite and energy balance, and the role nutrition has in these processes; (2) to expand knowledge and skills to develop and address significant, scientifically relevant research questions and design and analyze epidemiological studies; (3) to understand the biological, social, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes and obesity prevalence; (4) to enhance professional and personal development; and (5) to understand the expectations and environment of being an independent investigator to ensure a successful progression through the fellowship and into early faculty years. These goals will be met through interactions and collaborations with leader in researchers in the field of nutritional and perinatal epidemiology, attendance at conferences and seminars, and presentations at annual meetings in nutrition and epidemiology. Additionally, this fellowship application will facilitate the applicant's career pathto becoming an independent, interdisciplinary investigator of the nutritional aspects of perinatal and pediatric epidemiology.