Characterizing habitual and goal-directed behavioral control systems in the human

描述（由申请人提供）：“使用计算和多元功能磁共振成像表征人类大脑中习惯和目标导向的行为控制系统”。虽然现在我们对啮齿类动物的目标导向和习惯性学习的行为和神经机制了解很多，但对支持这两种学习类型的人类的编码关联所涉及的大脑结构所知甚少，对其实现背后的神经计算所知更少。更关键的是，对于人类这两个系统之间行为控制转变的机制，我们几乎一无所知。本项目旨在解决这些关键的知识缺口。为了实现这一目标，我们将结合复杂的行为协议，受动物实验的启发，与最先进的功能磁共振成像数据分析。我们首先采用多元模式分析技术，以确定目标导向和习惯学习的候选大脑结构（如vmPFC、前后纹状体和辅助运动皮质）中联想编码的性质。接下来，我们将复杂的计算模型应用于我们的行为和功能磁共振成像数据，以确定这些大脑区域中这些形式的学习实现的计算本质。一旦对目标导向和习惯学习的神经实现有了更清晰的了解，我们就会把注意力转向控制习惯化的因素，以及参与调节习惯和目标导向系统对行为的控制的神经系统。为此，我们将应用我们实验室开发的一种新的实验范式，该范式可以在人类志愿者中快速诱导行为习惯，而不需要繁琐的过度训练或其他迄今用于诱导人类习惯的不切实际的程序。通过将这一过程与功能磁共振成像相结合，我们将能够直接识别当行为受到习惯控制时所参与的大脑结构。这个项目将为习惯性和目标导向的学习如何在大脑中实现提供新的见解，并阐明这些系统对行为的控制机制。最终，这项研究有可能导致诱导习惯控制的新机制的发展，以实现适应性和健康行为的维持。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "Characterizing habitual and goal-directed behavioral control systems in the human brain using computational and multivariate fMRI". PI: Dr. John P. O'Doherty Institution: California Institute of Technology PROJECT SUMMARY While much is now known about the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying goal-directed and habitual learning in rodents, much less is known about the brain structures involved in encoding the associations that support these two types of learning humans, and even less is known about the neural computations underlying their implementation. Even more critically, almost nothing is known about the mechanisms governing the transition in behavioral control between these two systems in humans. This project seeks to address these critical gaps in knowledge. To achieve this we will combine sophisticated behavioral protocols, inspired by animal studies of instrumental conditioning, with state-of-the-art fMRI data analysis. We first deploy multivariate pattern analysis techniques in order to establish the nature of associative encoding in candidate brain structures for goal-directed and habit learning such as the vmPFC, anterior and posterior striatum and supplementary motor cortex. Next, we apply sophisticated computational models to our behavioral and fMRI data in order to establish the nature of the computations underlying the implementation of these forms of learning in these brain areas. Once a clearer understanding of the neural implementation of goal-directed and habitual learning has been achieved, we turn our attention to the factors governing habitization, and to the neural systems involved in mediating the control of the habitual and goal-directed systems over behavior. For this we will apply a novel experimental paradigm developed in our laboratory that can induce behavioral habitization rapidly in human volunteers without the need for cumbersome over-training or other impractical procedures hitherto used to induce habits in humans. By combining this procedure with fMRI we will be able to directly identify brain structures engaged when behavior is under habitual control. This project will provide new insights into how habitual and goal-directed learning is implemented in the brain, and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the control of these systems over behavior. Ultimately this research has the potential to lead to the development of new mechanisms for inducing habitual control in order to achieve the maintenance of adaptive and healthful behaviors.