Corticotectal transmission for express saccades

快速眼跳的皮质顶盖传输

• 批准号: 8680649
• 负责人: Gregory D Horwitz
• 金额: $ 26.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-04-01 至 2016-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8680649
• 关键词: Adoption; Affect; Animal Model; Area; Axon; Behavior; Behavior Control; Behavioral; Biological Models; Brain; Bypass; Communication; Communities; Complex; Destinations; Diagnosis; Drosophila genus; Emerging Technologies; Etiology; Eye Movements; Fiber; Genes; Goals; Human; Injection of therapeutic agent; Light; Lighting; Macaca mulatta; Measurement; Measures; Mediating; Mental disorders; Metric; Monitor; Monkeys; Motor Neurons; Movement; Mus; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Opsin; Pathway interactions; Presynaptic Terminals; Primates; Probability; Production; Rodent; Role; Saccades; Signal Transduction; Site; Structure; System; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Transgenic Animals; Transgenic Mice; Transgenic Organisms; Ursidae Family; Viral Vector; Vision research; Visual; Visual Cortex; area striata; awake; base; behavior influence; effective therapy; flexibility; frontal lobe; gray matter; interest; microbial; nervous system disorder; neural circuit; neuronal cell body; neurophysiology; oculomotor; optogenetics; promoter; public health relevance; relating to nervous system; research study; success; superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina; tool; transmission process; vector; visual motor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primate oculomotor system is a premier model system for understanding the production of reflexive and volitional movements. Two types of saccadic eye movements are made by humans and monkeys: "regular" and "express" saccades. Regular saccades have long latencies and are thought to involve the transfer of information from the visual cortex, to the frontal cortex, to the superior colliculus. Express saccades have shorter latencies and are thought to be mediated by a direct pathway from visual cortex to the superior colliculus, bypassing the frontal cortex. Importantly, under some conditions both express and regular saccades are made in roughly equal proportion; express saccades occur on some trials, regular saccades on other, seemingly identical, trials. If, as hypothesized, express saccades are mediated by projections from the visual cortex to the superior colliculus, the probability of express saccade occurrence should increase if these projections are stimulated under conditions in which they are not naturally strongly activated. Such a manipulation was technically impossible until recently, but optogenetics has changed this. Optogenetics is a relatively new set of tools for manipulating neural activity with light, an these tools have already been extremely valuable in the study of transgenic mice. By using these tools in the awake, behaving primate, two specific aims and one broader objective will be achieved. The first aim is to test the hypothesis that the projections from visual cortex to the superior colliculus facilitate express saccades. The second aim is to test the hypothesis that electrical activity between two usually disconnected compartments in the superior colliculus become transiently connected during express saccades. The larger objective is to catalyze progress in systems neurophysiology by refining optogenetic tools for use in the awake, behaving monkey. Widespread adoption and refinement of these techniques by the primate neurophysiology community will help to reveal how signal transmission between brain areas mediates behavior. Such an understanding will be important for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases, whose etiology may involve aberrant communication between brain areas.

描述（由申请人提供）：灵长类动物眼神经系统是理解反射和意志运动产生的首要模型系统。人类和猴子有两种类型的扫视运动：“常规”和“快速”扫视。有规律的扫视具有较长的潜伏期，并且被认为涉及从视觉皮层到额叶皮层再到上级丘的信息传递。快速扫视具有较短的潜伏期，并且被认为是由从视觉皮层到上级丘的直接通路介导的，绕过额叶皮层。重要的是，在某些条件下，快速眼跳和常规眼跳的比例大致相等;快速眼跳发生在某些试验中，常规眼跳发生在其他看似相同的试验中。如果，如假设的那样，快速扫视是由从视觉皮层到上级丘的投射介导的，那么如果这些投射在它们不是自然强烈激活的条件下受到刺激，则快速扫视发生的概率应该增加。直到最近，这种操作在技术上是不可能的，但光遗传学改变了这一点。光遗传学是一套相对较新的用光操纵神经活动的工具，这些工具在转基因小鼠的研究中已经非常有价值。通过在清醒的行为灵长类动物中使用这些工具，将实现两个特定目标和一个更广泛的目标。第一个目的是检验从视皮层到上级丘的投射促进快速扫视的假设。第二个目的是检验这一假设，即在快速扫视过程中，上级丘中两个通常不相连的隔间之间的电活动变得短暂相连。更大的目标是通过改进用于清醒的行为猴子的光遗传学工具来催化系统神经生理学的进展。灵长类神经生理学社区对这些技术的广泛采用和改进将有助于揭示大脑区域之间的信号传输如何介导行为。这种理解对于神经和精神疾病的诊断和治疗将是重要的，其病因可能涉及脑区域之间的异常通信。