Escape from gammaherpesvirus-induced mRNA destruction

描述（由申请方提供）：γ疱疹病毒、卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒（KSHV）和EB病毒（EBV）是免疫功能低下个体癌症的主要病因。在KSHV的情况下，撒哈拉以南非洲的感染率可接近80%，因此，卡波西肉瘤的发病率正在上升，并成为最常见的成人恶性肿瘤之一。这些大的双链DNA病毒在裂解复制过程中被扩增，但在其宿主的一生中以非复制的潜伏状态持续存在。虽然肿瘤发生主要与潜伏形式的病毒有关，但KSHV潜伏期通常不是转化事件，KSHV诱导的疾病也需要低水平的持续裂解复制。裂解性复制是必需的，既作为感染幼稚细胞的新病毒的来源，又驱动病毒和宿主旁分泌因子的产生，所述病毒和宿主旁分泌因子增强潜伏感染细胞的生长并创造适当的肿瘤微环境。然而，在裂解性γ疱疹病毒感染期间发生的一个突出表型是细胞信使RNA（mRNA）的广泛破坏，其有效地抑制宿主基因表达。因此，在裂解感染的细胞诱导特定宿主基因的必要性和伴随的细胞基因表达阻断之间存在矛盾。该项目的目标是确定特定宿主基因如何逃避破坏的机制。裂解性感染期间mRNA的降解由病毒SOX蛋白协调，其与细胞RNA周转因子协调以执行基因表达的关闭。有趣的是，我们已经观察到，选择的信息，如白细胞介素-6（IL-6）是直接难治的SOX诱导的营业额。在IL-6的情况下，我们已经将顺式作用逃逸元件映射到其3'非翻译区的区域，并鉴定了与该RNA元件复合的几种宿主蛋白。因此，该项目的一个方面是探索这些RNA-蛋白质相互作用的机制后果，并确定它们在SOX存在和不存在的情况下如何影响IL-6 mRNA的稳定性。鉴于IL-6在人类疾病中的众多作用，该信息将与KSHV诱导的肿瘤以及该细胞因子在其他癌症中的潜在失调相关。然后，我们将扩大我们的重点，探索潜在的保守的逃逸机制，使用从微阵列和深度测序分析获得的全基因组数据集。我们预计这些研究可能会揭示控制信息命运的新途径，以及如何操纵这些途径有助于传染病和遗传病。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The gammaherpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are major causes of cancers in immunocompromised individuals. In the case of KSHV, infection rates in sub-Saharan Africa can approach 80% and, as a result, the incidence there of Kaposi's sarcoma is rising and it is emerging as one of the most common adult malignancies. These large double stranded DNA viruses are amplified during lytic replication, but persist for the lifetime of their host in a nonreplicative, latent state. While tumorigenesis is predominantly associated with the latent form of the virus, for KSHV latency is generally not a transforming event and KSHV-induced diseases also require low-level, ongoing lytic replication. Lytic replication is necessary both as a source of new virus to infect naive cells, and to drive production of viral and host paracrine factors that enhance growth of latently infected cells and create an appropriate tumor microenvironment. However, one prominent phenotype occurring during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection is the widespread destruction of cellular messenger RNA (mRNA), which potently inhibits host gene expression. Thus, there is a paradox between the necessity for lytically infected cells to induce specific host genes and the concomitant block in cellular gene expression. The goal of this project is to determine mechanistically how specific host genes evade destruction. Degradation of mRNA during lytic infection is orchestrated by the viral SOX protein, which coordinates with cellular RNA turnover factors to execute shutoff of gene expression. Interestingly, we have observed that select messages such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are directly refractory to SOX-induced turnover. In the case of IL-6, we have mapped a cis-acting escape element to a region of its 3' untranslated region, and identified several host proteins that complex with this RNA element. One aspect of the project is therefore to explore the mechanistic consequences of these RNA-protein interactions, and determine how they influence IL-6 mRNA stability in the presence and absence of SOX. Given the numerous roles for IL-6 in human disease, this information will be relevant both to KSHV-induced neoplasms as well as potential dysregulation of this cytokine in other cancers. We will then broaden our focus to explore potentially conserved mechanisms of escape, using genome-wide data sets obtained from microarray and deep sequencing analyses. We anticipate these studies may reveal novel pathways that control message fate, and how manipulation of such pathways contributes to both infectious and genetic diseases.