Vibrio cholerae colonization of the fly rectum and activation of natural competen

描述（由申请人提供）：霍乱弧菌是一种环境革兰氏阴性细菌，是一种流行性和大流行性人类肠道病原体。霍乱弧菌基因组在环境中的快速进化导致了免疫决定簇的交换和抗生素抗性性状的获得。这些变化周期性地扩大了易感个体的范围或使疾病的治疗复杂化。自然能力是细菌吸收环境DNA的能力，通过这一过程获得新基因被称为水平基因转移。最近，研究人员发现，当在群体感应被激活和几丁质存在的条件下培养时，霍乱弧菌变得自然胜任，并且能够将新的DNA掺入其基因组中。由于河口中的霍乱弧菌丰度有时与浮游动物的存在相关，并且这些生物是甲壳素的丰富来源，因此假设它们的外骨骼是自然能力被激活和霍乱弧菌基因组进化的环境表面。然而，甲壳质是地球上发现的最丰富的聚合物之一，是许多生物体（包括藻类、真菌和昆虫）的表面组分。我们提出，如果宿主的微生物群将特别有利的遗传元素转移到定殖病原体，即使是不太丰富或不太频繁遇到的环境宿主也可能对病原体的成功产生巨大影响。多篇出版物报告了从家蝇中分离出霍乱弧菌、其他肠道病原体和人类肠道细菌。在医院和农场附近，从苍蝇身上回收的细菌通常对多种抗生素具有耐药性。所以我们 假设果蝇可能提供了一个丰富的环境，用于获得编码毒力性状和抗生素抗性的基因。以果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为模型， 我们最近发现霍乱弧菌在称为直肠的肠腔的几丁质衬里上形成致密的生物膜。初步结果表明，群体感应和甲壳素感应在该隔室中发挥作用，导致自然能力所需的基因激活。在这里，我们建议检查的结构，信号和调节系统，有助于霍乱弧菌定植的家蝇直肠，研究调节的自然能力基因在苍蝇直肠，然后评估水平基因转移的苍蝇。这些研究可能与LB肉汤中霍乱弧菌生物膜形成的数百项研究相关，可能揭示霍乱弧菌天然能力被激活的环境生态位，并可能表明控制苍蝇是一种简单的方法，可以限制新的毒力和抗生素抗性性状转移到致病性霍乱弧菌。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Vibrio cholerae is an environmental Gram-negative bacterium and an epidemic and pandemic human diarrheal pathogen. Rapid evolution of the V. cholerae genome in the environment has resulted in exchange of immunity determinants and acquisition of antibiotic resistance traits. These changes have periodically expanded the pool of susceptible individuals or complicated treatment of disease. Natural competence is the ability of bacteria to take up environmental DNA, and the acquisition of new genes through this process is known as horizontal gene transfer. Recently, investigators have found that V. cholerae becomes naturally competent and is able to incorporate new DNA into its genome when cultured under conditions in which quorum sensing is activated and chitin is present. Because V. cholerae abundance in estuaries sometimes correlates with the presence of zooplankton, and these organisms are a rich source of chitin, their exoskeletons are hypothesized to be the environmental surface on which natural competence is activated and the V. cholerae genome evolves. However, chitin, one of the most abundant polymers found on earth, is a surface component of many organisms including algae, fungi, and insects. We propose that, if a host's microbiota transfers particularly advantageous genetic elements to a colonizing pathogen, even a less abundant or less frequently encountered environmental host may have a great impact on a pathogen's success. Multiple publications have reported isolation of V. cholerae, other enteric pathogens, and human commensal bacteria from house flies. In the vicinity of hospitals and farms, the bacteria recovered from flies are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Therefore, we hypothesized that the fly might provide a rich environment for acquisition of genes encoding virulence traits and antibiotic resistance. Using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model, we recently discovered that V. cholerae forms a dense biofilm on the chitinous lining of an intestinal compartment known as the rectum. Preliminary results suggest that quorum and chitin sensing are operative in this compartment, leading to activation of the genes required for natural competence. Here we propose to examine the structures, signals, and regulatory systems that contribute to V. cholerae colonization of the house fly rectum, to study regulation of natural competence genes in the fly rectum, and then to assess horizontal gene transfer in the fly. These studies may impart relevance to the hundreds of studies of V. cholerae biofilm formation in LB broth, may reveal an environmental niche in which V. cholerae natural competence is activated, and may suggest fly control as a simple method to limit the transfer of new virulence and antibiotic resistance traits to pathogenic V. cholerae.