Human Electrophysiology Core

人体电生理学核心设施的目标是提供，a）创新的服务， B）对研究人员进行定量非侵入性记录方面的广泛培训， 在人类受试者中的脑刺激，以及c）基于声音实验的可靠和可重复的结果 设计和标准化实验。这（齐奥雷包括开创性的记录和刺激 具有强大创新历史的方法论。P50电位是睡眠状态依赖的中潜伏期 听觉诱发反应，其提供以下的定量测量：a）通过振幅的唤醒水平 一对刺激的第一个反应，和B）习惯化的水平，和感觉门控的过程， 通过对第二刺激的响应幅度作为对第一刺激的响应的百分比。也就是说， P50电位是脑干-丘脑处理唤醒/前注意非侵入性测量 机制等P50电位在表现出以下症状的疾病中具有更高的振幅和/或降低的习惯性 过度觉醒，例如精神分裂症、焦虑症、抑郁症、帕金森病（PD）。P50潜力 在表现出低唤醒的疾病中具有较低的振幅，例如自闭症、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿舞蹈病 疾病昏迷心理警觉任务（PVT）是一种行为警觉性测试，涉及一个简单的 反应时间（RT），旨在评估维持注意力和及时响应的能力 突出的信号。也就是说，PVT是一种非侵入性的测量丘脑皮层处理注意力的方法。 机制等我们也有能力脑电图（EEG）和肌电图（EMG） 记录和分析，通常与TMS研究结合使用，以确定运动诱发电位。 其他测试，包括操作性成套测试（测量时间行为、短期记忆、学习能力） 行为等）和近红外光谱（NIRS）（测量血红蛋白浓度的变化， 细胞色素氧化酶的氧化还原状态，以及额叶中氧合血红蛋白与总组织血红蛋白的比率 来自固定到前额的传感器的叶片）也是可用的。此核心允许快速（<1小时）评估 从脑干到丘脑到皮层再到人类的额叶 科目该核心还支持使经颅磁刺激（TMS）和 经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）（两种非侵入性脑刺激形式）研究工具 疾病过程，治疗症状，并最终使其作为一种治疗;虽然， 研究本身代表了转化研究周期的不同应用和不同阶段。 TMS被FDA视为研究器械，最近才获得有限的批准， 抑郁症的治疗我们的临床试验使用重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗耳鸣，具体是 旨在将临床发现转化为一般的医疗实践，为大规模的 可以获得FDA批准的临床试验。例如，我们最初将rTMS应用于 耳鸣的治疗促使该核心开发了一种现实的安慰剂或假rTMS技术， 最好的领域，并在下面描述。总的来说，rTMS的临床实用性已经超过了 它的神经机制的行动和有很大的需要，基础科学研究的rTMS。比如我们 进行了一项经颅磁刺激的临床试验，以改变烟草依赖者的认知和行为。这 一项研究调查了TMS是否以及如何影响吸烟者的奖励系统， 戒了尼古丁我们在动物电生理学核心中进行了一项平行研究， 在暴露于烟雾的啮齿动物中，这为检查神经作用机制提供了更大的机会。 其他正在进行的使用脑刺激作为临床治疗的研究包括使用tDCS来增强步态 通过在训练前增加皮层激活来恢复中风患者，并将告知未来的设计 将TMS和tDCS转化为临床实践所必需的人类受试者临床试验。

The Human Electrophysiology Core Facility has the goals of providing, a) innovative services that move the field fonward, b) extensive training for research personnel in quantitative noninvasive recording as well as brain stimulation in human subjects, and c) reliable and reproducible results based on sound experimental design and standardized experimentation. This (Ziore includes pioneering Recording and Stimulation methodologies with a strong history of innovation. The P50 potential is a sleep-state-dependent midlatency auditory evoked response that provides a quantitative measure of, a) the level of arousal through the amplitude of the first response of a pair of stimuli, and b) the level of habituation, and the process of sensory gating, through the amplitude of the response to the second stimulus as a percent of the response to the first. That is, the P50 potential is a noninvasive measure of brainstem-thalamus processing of arousal/preattentional mechanisms. The P50 potential has higher amplitude and/or reduced habituation in disorders that manifest hyperarousal, e.g. schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD). The P50 potential has lower amplitude in disorders that manifest hypoarousal, e.g. autism, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, coma. The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a test of behavioral alertness and involves a simple reaction time (RT) designed to evaluate the ability to sustain attention and respond in a timely manner to salient signals. That is, the PVT is a noninvasive measure of thalamocortical processing of attentional mechanisms. We also have capacity for electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings and analysis, usually used in conjunction with TMS studies to determine motor evoked potentials. Other tests, including an operant test battery (measures timing behavior, short-term memory, learning behavior, etc.) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (measures changes in hemoglobin concentration and redox state of cytochrome oxidase, as well as the ratio of oxygenated to total tissue hemoglobin in the frontal lobes from sensors affixed to the forehead) are also available. This Core allows the rapid (<1 hr) assessment of various levels of the neuraxis, from the brainstem to the thalamus to the cortex to the frontal lobes in human subjects. This Core also supports the common goal of making transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (both non-invasive forms of brain stimulation) tools for studying disease processes, treating symptoms, and ultimately making them available as a treatment; although, the studies themselves represent different applications and different stages of the translational research cycle. TMS is regarded by the FDA as an investigational device, and it was only recently granted limited approval for the treatment of depression. Our clinical trials using repetitive TMS (rTMS) to treat tinnitus are specifically designed to translate clinical findings into general medical practice by laying the foundation for a large-scale trial that can gain FDA approval for this application. For example, our initial efforts to apply rTMS for the treatment of tinnitus prompted this Core to develop a realistic placebo or sham rTMS technique, one of the best in the field, and described below. In general, the clinical usefulness of rTMS has outpaced knowledge of its neural mechanisms of action and there is a great need for basic science studies of rTMS. For example, we conducted a clinical trial of TMS to alter cognition and behavior in persons who are tobacco-dependent. This study examined whether and how TMS influences reward systems in smokers who are either satiated or withdrawn from nicotine. We carried out a parallel study in the Animal Electrophysiology Core of rTMS effects in rodents exposed to smoke that afforded a greater opportunity to examine neural mechanisms of action. Other ongoing studies that use brain stimulation as a clinical treatment include the use of tDCS to augment gait recovery in stroke patients by increasing cortical activation prior to training, and will inform the design of future clinical trials in human subjects that are necessary to translate TMS and tDCS into clinical practice.