Human Electrophysiology Core

人类电生理学核心设施的目标是提供：a)移动的创新服务 B)对研究人员进行定量无创记录方面的广泛培训以及 人类受试者的脑刺激，以及c)基于健全实验的可靠和可重复性的结果 设计和标准化实验。这(Ziore)包括开创性的记录和刺激 具有深厚创新历史的方法论。P50电位是睡眠状态相关的中潜伏期 听觉诱发反应，提供a)通过幅度唤醒的水平的定量测量 一对刺激的第一反应，以及b)习惯化程度和感觉门控的过程， 通过对第二个刺激的反应的幅度作为对第一个刺激的反应的百分比。那是, P50电位是脑干-丘脑对觉醒/注意前加工的无创性测量 机械装置。在表现出的障碍中，P50电位具有更高的幅度和/或习惯化程度降低 过度觉醒，如精神分裂症、焦虑症、抑郁症、帕金森氏病(PD)。P50潜力 在自闭症、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿氏症等表现为觉醒不足的障碍中，波幅较低 疾病，昏迷。心理运动警戒任务(PVT)是对行为警觉性的测试，它包括一个简单的 反应时间(RT)，旨在评估维持注意力和及时反应的能力 显著的信号。也就是说，PVT是丘脑皮质注意加工的非侵入性测量。 机械装置。我们也有脑电(EEG)和肌电(EMG)的能力 记录和分析，通常与TMS研究结合使用，以确定运动诱发电位。 其他测试，包括可操作测试电池(测量计时行为、短期记忆、学习 行为等)和近红外光谱(NIRS)(测量血红蛋白浓度和 前额叶细胞色素氧化酶的氧化还原状态以及含氧量与总组织血红蛋白的比率 也可以使用固定在额头上的传感器的额叶)。此核心支持快速(&lt；1小时)评估 从人类的脑干到丘脑、皮质到额叶的不同水平的神经轴 研究对象。该核心还支持共同目标，即进行经颅磁刺激(TMS)和 经颅直流电刺激(Tdcs)(两种非侵入性脑刺激)研究工具 疾病过程，治疗症状，并最终将其作为一种治疗方法；尽管 研究本身代表了翻译研究周期的不同应用和不同阶段。 TMS被FDA视为一种研究设备，它最近才获得有限的批准，用于 抑郁症的治疗。我们使用重复TMS(RTMS)治疗耳鸣的临床试验具有特异性 旨在将临床研究成果转化为一般医疗实践，为大规模的 可获得FDA对此应用程序批准的试验。例如，我们最初将rTMS应用于 耳鸣的治疗促使这一核心开发了一种现实的安慰剂或假rTMS技术，其中之一 在该领域是最好的，如下所述。总体而言，rTMS的临床实用性已经超过了人们对 其神经作用机制和rTMS的基础科学研究是非常必要的。例如，我们 进行了一项TMS的临床试验，以改变烟草依赖者的认知和行为。这 一项研究调查了TMS是否以及如何影响吸烟者的奖励系统 戒除尼古丁。我们在rTMS效应的动物电生理核心上进行了一项平行研究 在暴露在烟雾中的啮齿动物中，这提供了更大的机会来检查神经作用机制。 其他正在进行的使用脑刺激作为临床治疗的研究包括使用tdcs来增强步态。 中风患者在训练前通过增加皮质激活来恢复，并将为未来的设计提供参考 将TMS和TDC转化为临床实践所必需的人体临床试验。

The Human Electrophysiology Core Facility has the goals of providing, a) innovative services that move the field fonward, b) extensive training for research personnel in quantitative noninvasive recording as well as brain stimulation in human subjects, and c) reliable and reproducible results based on sound experimental design and standardized experimentation. This (Ziore includes pioneering Recording and Stimulation methodologies with a strong history of innovation. The P50 potential is a sleep-state-dependent midlatency auditory evoked response that provides a quantitative measure of, a) the level of arousal through the amplitude of the first response of a pair of stimuli, and b) the level of habituation, and the process of sensory gating, through the amplitude of the response to the second stimulus as a percent of the response to the first. That is, the P50 potential is a noninvasive measure of brainstem-thalamus processing of arousal/preattentional mechanisms. The P50 potential has higher amplitude and/or reduced habituation in disorders that manifest hyperarousal, e.g. schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD). The P50 potential has lower amplitude in disorders that manifest hypoarousal, e.g. autism, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, coma. The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a test of behavioral alertness and involves a simple reaction time (RT) designed to evaluate the ability to sustain attention and respond in a timely manner to salient signals. That is, the PVT is a noninvasive measure of thalamocortical processing of attentional mechanisms. We also have capacity for electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings and analysis, usually used in conjunction with TMS studies to determine motor evoked potentials. Other tests, including an operant test battery (measures timing behavior, short-term memory, learning behavior, etc.) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (measures changes in hemoglobin concentration and redox state of cytochrome oxidase, as well as the ratio of oxygenated to total tissue hemoglobin in the frontal lobes from sensors affixed to the forehead) are also available. This Core allows the rapid (<1 hr) assessment of various levels of the neuraxis, from the brainstem to the thalamus to the cortex to the frontal lobes in human subjects. This Core also supports the common goal of making transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (both non-invasive forms of brain stimulation) tools for studying disease processes, treating symptoms, and ultimately making them available as a treatment; although, the studies themselves represent different applications and different stages of the translational research cycle. TMS is regarded by the FDA as an investigational device, and it was only recently granted limited approval for the treatment of depression. Our clinical trials using repetitive TMS (rTMS) to treat tinnitus are specifically designed to translate clinical findings into general medical practice by laying the foundation for a large-scale trial that can gain FDA approval for this application. For example, our initial efforts to apply rTMS for the treatment of tinnitus prompted this Core to develop a realistic placebo or sham rTMS technique, one of the best in the field, and described below. In general, the clinical usefulness of rTMS has outpaced knowledge of its neural mechanisms of action and there is a great need for basic science studies of rTMS. For example, we conducted a clinical trial of TMS to alter cognition and behavior in persons who are tobacco-dependent. This study examined whether and how TMS influences reward systems in smokers who are either satiated or withdrawn from nicotine. We carried out a parallel study in the Animal Electrophysiology Core of rTMS effects in rodents exposed to smoke that afforded a greater opportunity to examine neural mechanisms of action. Other ongoing studies that use brain stimulation as a clinical treatment include the use of tDCS to augment gait recovery in stroke patients by increasing cortical activation prior to training, and will inform the design of future clinical trials in human subjects that are necessary to translate TMS and tDCS into clinical practice.