Current-use fumigants: Health effects of prenatal and early childhood exposures

目前使用的熏蒸剂：产前和儿童早期接触对健康的影响

• 批准号: 8920856
• 负责人: Asa Bradman
• 金额: $ 32.2万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-09-17 至 2017-09-15
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8920856
• 关键词: 7 year old; Accounting; Address; Agriculture; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Behavior assessment; Biological Markers; Birth; Birth Weight; California; Chemicals; Child; Cognition; Cohort Studies; Communities; County; DSM-IV; Data; Data Reporting; Epidemiology; Exposure to; Florida; Forced expiratory volume function; Future; Geographic Information Systems; Gestational Age; Health; Home environment; Human; Idaho; Immunologics; Intelligence; Kilogram; Length; Life; Link; Live Birth; Long-Term Effects; Low Birth Weight Infant; Measurement; Methods; Motor; Neurologic; Oregon; Outcome; Ozone; Pesticides; Plants; Policies; Population; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Pregnant Women; Premature Birth; Protocols documentation; Pulmonary Function Test/Forced Expiratory Volume 1; Radial; Records; Reporting; Research; Respiratory physiology; Risk; Risk Assessment; School-Age Population; Schools; Soil; System; Toxic effect; Vital Statistics; Vital capacity; Washington; Women' s Health; air monitoring; base; cognitive function; cohort; cytokine; design; early childhood; exposed human population; in utero; metam sodium; methyl bromide; neurodevelopment; neurotoxic; prenatal; pulmonary function; respiratory; school health; teacher; toxicant; trend; visual motor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In a risk assessment of air monitoring data by the California Health Department, the top four pesticides ranked by non-cancer health risk, based on respiratory and neurological toxicity, were metam sodium, methyl bromide (MeBr), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) and chloropicrin. These fumigants, which are used to sterilize soils prior to planting many crops, account for ~20% of the 78 million kilograms (kg) of pesticides used annually in California. In the U.S., approximately 50 million kg of fumigants are applied each year, primarily in California, Florida, Washington, Idaho and Oregon, representing about half of worldwide fumigant use. Soil fumigants are a concern for nearby residents due to their toxicity and potential for drift. All four of these fumigants are known respiratory toxicants, and MeBr, chloropicrin and metam sodium are also neurotoxic and genotoxic. Due to concerns about the Earth's ozone layer, MeBr was banned by the Montreal Protocol in 2005. However, under an EPA exemption, MeBr is still used in large quantities in California. Since 2005, use of replacement fumigants, including chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) and metam sodium has increased by 20% in the state, and this trend is expected to continue. There are no biomarkers available to assess non-occupational exposures to fumigants. Thus, geospatial methods must be used to estimate exposure from nearby applications. The California Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) system, considered the best in the world, requires reporting of all agricultural pesticide use. For this proposal, we will use neurodevelopmental assessment and respiratory health data from the CHAMACOS cohort to determine the association of residential proximity to MeBr, chloropicrin, 1,3-DCP and metam sodium applications during pregnancy and early childhood with cognition, motor functioning, attention and pulmonary function in 7-year-old children. Further, we will confirm our findings of an association between prenatal MeBr exposure and adverse birth outcomes (birth weight and gestation length) with statewide geocoded PUR information and vital statistics data (n~750,000). This will be the first study to: 1) Examine the relationship between in utero and early childhood fumigant exposure and neurodevelopment and respiratory health in school-age children; and 2) Utilize statewide fumigant use and vital records information to determine the association between prenatal residential proximity to fumigant applications and birth outcomes in a large population. Virtually nothing is known about pregnant women's and children's exposures to these chemicals or their long-term health effects in children. This research will generate new information about the health effects of fumigants in school-age children that will inform the design of future epidemiological and risk assessment studies as well as on-going policy decisions regarding the replacement of MeBr and the implementation of new strategies to reduce fumigant exposure in agricultural communities.

描述（由申请人提供）：在加利福尼亚卫生部门对空气监测数据的风险评估中，基于呼吸和神经毒性的非癌症健康风险排名的前四个农药是Metam钠，甲基溴化物（MEBR），1,3-氯丁二烯（1,3-DCP）和氯吡啶。这些熏蒸剂用于在种植许多农作物之前对土壤进行消毒，占加利福尼亚州每年使用的7800万公斤农药的约20％。在美国，每年大约使用大约5000万公斤的熏蒸剂，主要在加利福尼亚，佛罗里达州，华盛顿，爱达荷州和俄勒冈州，约占全球熏蒸的一半使用。土壤熏蒸剂是由于其毒性和漂移的潜力而引起了附近居民的关注。所有这四种熏蒸剂都是已知的呼吸有毒物质，而MEBR，氯吡普蛋白和Metam钠也是神经毒性和遗传毒性。由于对地球的臭氧层的担忧，MEBR在2005年被蒙特利尔方案禁止。但是，在EPA豁免下，MEBR在加利福尼亚州仍大量使用。自2005年以来，该州的使用替代烟雾剂，包括氯吡克蛋白，1,3-二氯苯（1,3-DCP）和Metam钠在该州增加了20％，预计这种趋势将继续下去。没有生物标志物可以评估非占领的烟雾剂。因此，必须使用地理空间方法来估计附近应用的暴露。被认为是世界上最好的加利福尼亚农药使用报告（PUR）系统，需要报告所有农药使用。 对于此提案，我们将使用Chamacos队列中的神经发育评估和呼吸道健康数据来确定与MEBR，氯磷脂，1,3-DCP和Metam钠在怀孕期间和幼儿相关性和幼儿相关性与认知，运动功能，注意力，注意力，注意力，注意力，注意力和肺部功能相关。此外，我们将确认我们对产前MEBR暴露与不良出生结果（出生体重和妊娠长度）之间的关联与全州范围的地理编码PUR信息和重要统计数据（N〜750,000）之间的关联。 这将是：1）研究学龄儿童的卵子和幼稚的熏蒸与神经发育与呼吸健康的关系：1）研究。和2）利用全州烟雾的使用和重要记录信息来确定大量人群中与雾化物应用的邻近性与烟熏剂的邻近性与出生结果之间的关联。实际上，关于孕妇和儿童对这些化学物质的暴露或其对儿童的长期健康效果的接触几乎一无所知。这项研究将为学龄儿童中的健康影响提供新的信息，这些信息将为未来的流行病学和风险评估研究设计以及有关更换MEBR的持续决策的设计，并实施新策略，以减少农业社区中的烟雾暴露。