The Development of Alcohol Use and Abuse in ADHD Adolescents and Young Adults

这项功绩延期申请申请16-20年的资金，以继续研究的开始，过程， 匹兹堡ADHD纵向研究中酒精使用和酒精使用障碍的原因和后果 学习(伙伴)。在PALS中，364名患有ADHD(先证者)的儿童在他们的小学被证实 参加WPIC大学ADHD暑期治疗计划的学龄儿童 匹兹堡的。这是同类研究中规模最大的：在儿童时期被严格诊断为ADHD，全面的 儿童数据(包括标准化和客观数据)和详细的纵向评估 理论上与酒精结果发展有关的领域的成年期(例如，酒精 期望值；酗酒家族史)。一组人口统计上相似的非ADHD参与者 (n=240)是在补助年度1-5期间招募的，当时先证者在11岁之间首次接受随访 和25岁。采用队列序贯设计，每年对ADHD和非ADHD参与者进行访谈 23岁、25岁、27岁和30岁的保留率很高；采用了多人报告的方法 自始至终都是。研究结果的样本包括：1)先证者酗酒和AUD的风险更高 2)父母知识对青少年饮酒有较强的预测作用。 低于样本中位数；3)学业成绩、社交障碍、犯罪和 ADHD症状的持续性；4)青少年和年轻人饮酒与ADHD之间存在更强的相关性。 非ADHD；5)酒精使用对ADHD相关的高风险驾驶行为的潜在贡献 亲密伴侣在成年早期的暴力行为；以及6)持续需要附带的行为报告 (具体地说，ADHD症状)进入成年期。对于大多数参与者，建议继续进行访谈 以确定早期大量饮酒的模式是否持续，是否是新的 AUD病例发展，以检查与成人不同成就相关的所有酒精结果 里程碑(就业、婚姻、为人父母)，并研究潜在的因果机制 这些AUD的发展和成年早期的后果。

This MERIT extension application requests funding for Years 16-20 to continue study ofthe onset, course, causes, and consequences of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS). In the PALS, 364 children with ADHD (probands) were ascertained in their elementary school-aged years following their participation in the ADHD Summer Treatment Program atWPIC, University of Pittsburgh. This is the largest study of its kind: rigorously diagnosed ADHD in childhood, comprehensive childhood data (including standardized and objective data), and detailed longitudinal assessments to adulthood of domains theoretically related to the development of alcohol outcomes (e.g., alcohol expectancies; family history of alcoholism). A nonADHD demographically similar group of participants (n=240) was recruited during grant Years 1-5 when probands were first followed up between the ages of 11 and 25. Using a cohort-sequential design, ADHD and nonADHD participants were interviewed annually with a high rate of retention to age 23 and at ages 25, 27, and 30; a multiple reporter approach has been adopted throughout. A sampling of findings includes: 1) a higher risk for heavy drinking and AUD by proband adolescents; 2) stronger prediction to late adolescent drinking for probands when parental knowledge is below sample median; 3) mediating role of academic performance, social impairment, delinquency, and ADHD symptom persistence; 4) stronger relation between adolescent and young adult drinking for ADHD vs. nonADHD; 5) potential contribution of alcohol use to ADHD-related elevated risky driving behavior and intimate partner violence in early adulthood; and 6) continued need for collateral report of behavior (specifically, ADHD symptoms) into adulthood. Continuation of interviews is proposed, for most participants through the late 20s and early 30s, to determine whether early heavy drinking patterns persist, whether new cases of AUD develop, to examine all alcohol outcomes in relation to differential achievement of adult milestones (employment, marriage, parenthood), and to study the putative causal mechanisms underlying these AUD developments and consequences in early adulthood.