A memory of errors in motor adaptation

运动适应错误的记忆

• 批准号: 8836075
• 负责人: David James Herzfeld
• 金额: $ 2.65万
• 依托单位: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8836075
• 关键词: Accounting; Affect; Behavioral; Brain; Clinic; Clinical; Computer Simulation; Controlled Study; Data; Dependence; Disease; Elements; Equation; Exhibits; Financial compensation; Foundations; Goals; Human; Individual; Learning; Link; Literature; Memory; Methods; Modeling; Monitor; Motor; Motor output; Movement; Nervous system structure; Neurorehabilitation; Neurosciences; Outcome; Process; Recipe; Recording of previous events; Recovery; Rehabilitation therapy; Research; Savings; Sensory; Speed; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Trauma; base; experience; insight; motor control; motor learning; public health relevance; research study; theories

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): When we practice a motor task, we can do it better the next time we revisit it. How is this accomplished? The basic assumption in neuroscience has been that this phenomenon, called 'savings', occurs because when we revisit the task, the brain recalls the motor commands that it had previously learned. In this view, motor memory is a memory of motor commands. In contrast to these views, here we propose that motor memory includes a memory of errors, i.e., when we are better at a task, it is often not because we remember the motor commands that we learned before, but because we remember the errors that we have seen before. We propose that this counter-intuitive and previously unknown form of memory, a memory of errors, can account for a very large body of puzzling and unexplained experimental data in the motor learning literature. In this proposal, we begin with a puzzle: in a motor learning task, humans are able to modulate how much they learn from a given error. In some conditions, they learn a large amount, but in other conditions they learn only a small amount. That is, the brain selects how much it is willing to learn from error. To understand the rules that govern control of error-sensitivity, we manipulate the history of errors that subjects experience, and find that positive autocorrelations of errors up-regulate sensitivity, whereas negative autocorrelations down-regulate sensitivity, but only at the specific errors that were actually experienced. That is, experience of an error produces a change in motor commands via errors-sensitivity, which in turn depends on the history of past errors, allowing the brain to respond differently to an error that was experienced before. We formulate this idea with a set of mathematical equations that extend the current framework of learning and show that this new set of equations, representing memory of errors, seamlessly connects a large body of puzzling data. Building on these preliminary results, we propose two groups of experiments to test the foundations of this new idea. The first set of experiments test the prediction that correlations of past errors will modulate error-sensitivity, and that this modulation will be local to the specific errors that were experience. The second set of experiments test the prediction that modulation of error-sensitivity via memory of errors is the basis for the phenomenon of saving. From a clinical standpoint, understanding error-sensitivity is important as it directly affects motor rehabilitation for neuro-trauma or disease. Our theory provides a recipe to modulate error-sensitivity, which should produce faster adaptation, potentially affecting the duration of rehabilitation. In addition, understanding the relationship between error sensitivity and savings may provide useful clues regarding how to effectively apply rehabilitation techniques to promote faster re-learning outside the clinic.

描述（由申请人提供）：当我们练习一项运动任务时，我们可以在下一次重新练习时做得更好。这是如何实现的？神经科学的基本假设是，这种被称为“储蓄”的现象之所以会发生，是因为当我们重新审视任务时，大脑会回忆起它以前学习过的运动指令。在这种观点中，运动记忆是运动指令的记忆。与这些观点相反，我们在这里提出，运动记忆包括错误记忆，即，当我们更好地完成一项任务时，通常不是因为我们记住了之前学到的运动命令，而是因为我们记住了之前看到的错误。我们认为，这种违反直觉的、以前未知的记忆形式，即错误记忆，可以解释运动学习文献中大量令人困惑和无法解释的实验数据。 在这个建议中，我们开始一个难题：在一个 在运动学习任务中，人类能够调节他们从给定错误中学习的程度。在某些情况下，他们能学到很多，但在另一些情况下，他们只能学到很少。也就是说，大脑选择它愿意从错误中学习多少。为了理解控制错误敏感性的规则，我们操纵了受试者经历的错误历史，发现错误的正自相关性上调敏感性，而负自相关性下调敏感性，但仅限于实际经历的特定错误。也就是说，错误的经验通过错误敏感性产生运动命令的变化，而错误敏感性又取决于过去错误的历史，使大脑对以前经历的错误做出不同的反应。我们用一组数学方程来表达这个想法，这些方程扩展了当前的学习框架，并表明这组代表错误记忆的新方程无缝连接了大量令人费解的数据。 在这些初步结果的基础上，我们提出了两组实验来测试这个新想法的基础。第一组实验测试了预测， 过去的错误将调制错误敏感性，这种调制将是局部的特定 经验的错误。第二组实验测试的预测，通过错误的记忆调制的错误敏感性是节省现象的基础。 从临床角度来看，理解错误敏感性是重要的，因为它直接影响神经创伤或疾病的运动康复。我们的理论提供了一种调节错误敏感性的方法，这应该会产生更快的适应，可能会影响康复的持续时间。此外，了解错误敏感性和储蓄之间的关系可以提供有关如何有效地应用康复技术，以促进更快的再学习诊所外的有用线索。