Developmental Implications of Early Childhood Sleep

描述(由申请人提供)：与睡眠相关的评估和干预措施越来越多地在儿科、心理学和教育实践中进行测试。然而，实践的发展科学基础是相当有限的。对自然睡眠的研究已经确定了睡眠缺陷变量，但还没有将它们置于清晰的维度结构中； 他们暗示但没有充分证实睡眠影响儿童的社会发展；他们建议但没有建立一种机制，说明睡眠可能如何通过影响自我调节的发育来塑造社会发展。为了更好地定义睡眠不足的维度，并绘制睡眠不足在儿童社会发展结果中的作用图表，拟议的项目纵向研究了2岁半、3岁和3岁半的儿童，这是一个睡眠和自我调节都相对紧张的发展时期，为 后来在同龄人和学术上取得了成功。儿童的睡眠不足将通过活动记录仪和父母日记进行评估，睡眠问题将通过临床使用的父母报告量表进行评估；通过实验室任务进行自我调节；通过父母和二级照顾者报告进行调整。家庭环境，包括压力源和育儿方式，将在同一时间通过问卷、访谈和观察法进行评估，还将使用与主题相关的新方法来观察孩子就寝的前奏。检验了以下7个假设：1)儿童睡眠不足的活动和父母日记测量将产生3个心理测量学上合理的可分离因素：睡眠时间短、时间和数量的夜间变异性以及夜间睡眠碎片化，这些因素在每个年龄段都将形成一个二级因素，并适用于所有3个年龄段。2)儿童在睡眠缺陷因素上表现出中等程度的连续性。3)家庭环境对儿童睡眠的影响程度适中。4)睡眠不足因素 将与儿童的社会适应措施相关联，甚至控制也与儿童适应有关的家庭背景变量。5)睡眠不足也与儿童的自我调节及其成长有关，甚至与家庭背景有关。6)假设假设4和5得到支持，儿童自我调节能力的发展将解释睡眠对儿童社会性发展的影响。7)作为第二个假设，我们预计，气质的不可管理性和认知-语言技能将分别缓和睡眠不足和社会发展结果之间的联系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Sleep-related assessments and interventions are increasingly tested in pediatric, psychological, and educational practice. However, the developmental science basis for practice is quite limited. Studies of naturally-occurring sleep have identified sleep deficit variables, but have not placed them in a clear dimensional structure; they have implied but not sufficiently established that sleep affects children's social development; and they have suggested but not established a mechanism for how sleep might shape social development, via effects on growth in self-regulation. To better define the dimensions of sleep deficits and chart the role of sleep deficits in children's social development outcomes, the proposed project longitudinally studies children at ages 2 1/2 , 3, and 3 1/2, a period of relatively intense development in both sleep and self- regulation that sets the stage for later peer and academic success. Children's sleep deficits will be assessed by actigraphs and parent diary, and sleep problems by a clinically-used parent-report scale; self-regulation by laboratory tasks; and adjustment by parent and secondary caregiver reports. Family context, including stressors and parenting, will be assessed at the same times, with questionnaire, interview, and observational methods, and also with the topically relevant, novel method of observing the prelude to the child's bedtime. The following 7 hypotheses are tested: 1) Actigraphic and parent diary measures of child sleep deficit will yield 3, psychometrically sound, separable factors: short amount, night-to-night variability in timing and amount, and within-night fragmentation of sleep, and these factors will both form one 2nd-order factor at each age and apply at all 3 ages. 2) Children will show moderate levels of continuity on the sleep deficit factors. 3) Family context will relate to child sleep to moderate degrees. 4) Sleep deficit factors will be associated with child social adjustment measures both within and across ages, even controlling for family context variables that are also associated with child adjustment. 5) Sleep deficits will also be associated with child self-regulation and its growth, even controlling for family context. 6) Assuming hypotheses 4 and 5 will be supported, child growth in self-regulation will explain effects of sleep on child social development. 7) And as a secondary hypothesis, we expect that temperamental unmanageability and cognitive-verbal skills will each moderate the linkage between sleep deficits and social development outcomes.