Neural and Social Processes of Positive Affect in Children at Risk for Depression

描述（由申请人提供）：抑郁症母亲的孩子一生中患抑郁症的可能性是其三倍。然而，从母亲到孩子的风险机制尚不清楚，尽管研究支持神经反应奖励和母亲社会化过程在抑郁症发展中的重要性。发育情感神经科学模型表明，抑郁症是一种有问题的社会功能障碍，在社会环境中享受奖励的改变，这些与奖励相关的困难可能与风险的传递有关。鉴于精神病理学的发展早在症状出现之前就开始了，并且考虑到理解抑郁症早期发展轨迹的重要性，建议的MRSDA侧重于学龄期早期发生的发展变化。评估学校早期社会奖励的神经和行为处理过程，可以阐明高风险儿童在社会环境的发展转变中是否表现出积极情感的改变，以及这些改变是否与母亲社会化有关。拟议的MRSDA将候选人在早期儿童情感发展方面的专业知识与发展情感神经科学的创新研究联系起来，使她成为一名独特的转化研究人员，评估临床相关的，

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Children of depressed mothers are three times more likely to develop depression in their lifetime. However, mechanisms of risk from mother to child are unclear, although research supports the importance of neural response to reward and of maternal socialization processes in the development of depression. Developmental affective neuroscience models suggest that depression is a disorder of problematic social functioning, with alterations in enjoying rewards within social contexts, and these reward-related difficulties may be associated with transmission of risk. Given that the development of psychopathology begins long before the emergence of symptoms, and given the importance of understanding early trajectories toward depression, the proposed MRSDA focuses on developmental changes that occur in the early school age period. Evaluating neural and behavioral processing of social rewards during the early school period may elucidate whether high risk children show alterations in positive affect during this developmental shift in social contexts and if these alterations are related to maternal socialization. The proposed MRSDA bridges the candidate's prior expertise in early childhood affective development with innovative research in developmental affective neuroscience to uniquely position her as a translational researcher evaluating clinically-relevant, reward-related neurobehavioral differences in early school age children at risk for depression. It is proposed that the combination of low positive affect and maternal discouragement of positive affect may contribute to self-regulatory processes that dampen positive affect during this developmental period, even though clinical levels of depressive symptoms may not emerge until the onset of puberty. To appropriately evaluate her research questions, the candidate will receive training in functional neuroanatomical and neural bases of affective and social processes across childhood and adolescence. The candidate will advance her training in maternal socialization processes associated with positive affect; designing, adapting, and conducting fMRI paradigms that assess reward function with a young child population; and advanced statistical analysis to evaluate brain-behavior associations and to conduct future longitudinal studies on the trajectory of risk for depression across development. Her mentorship team has extensive experience in developmental affective neuroscience and maternal socialization patterns (Drs. Forbes, Allen, Silk, Goodman), utilization of functional neuroimaging in young children to answer clinically-relevant questions (Drs. Luby and Perlman), and advanced statistical analysis (Dr. Iyengar). Altogether, the proposed MRSDA has the potential to advance the field of developmental affective neuroscience by identifying mechanisms of risk for depression and mechanisms of change for intervention.