Brain-Behavior Synchrony in Very Young Children and their Depressed Mothers

项目摘要。抑郁母亲的孩子患多发性精神疾病的风险增加 有生之年的精神障碍。毁灭性的是，这些情感和行为障碍似乎很早就出现了。 在这些高危青年中，一些研究显示5岁或6岁时发病率上升--强调了 揭示发生在生命最初五年的病因学机制。一种假定的风险机制 因为精神病是在奖赏和社会回路中的异常反应，这与较少的 积极体验的动机和愉悦的享受。然而，何时、如何以及为什么会出现这种情况 目前尚不清楚是否会出现薪酬中断。一种可能性是，在第一个阶段，妥协的照顾 多年的生命可能无法加强后代的健康奖励功能，因为温暖、同步 互动似乎是一种社会回报。这项拟议的Brains奖的概念模型是 在关键的婴儿时期，母亲和孩子之间的积极互惠和同步互动- 幼儿时期可能有助于通过催产素加强后代奖励系统的大脑发育。 多巴胺-额纹状体通路。对于抑郁母亲的孩子来说，这个环路可能会受到 不太同步的交互以及这些异步交互的负面影响可能会 对儿童社会行为的连锁效应，包括与他人的情感调节，视角- 儿童精神疾病，特别是焦虑症和破坏性精神障碍。vbl.使用 多方法加速纵向设计，160名母亲的多样化样本(一半符合标准 对于抑郁症)和第一个出生的儿童将被招募到三个队列中(在儿童年龄12个月时，24 3个月，入学时36个月)，三年每年评估一次。母婴 游戏期间的同步性将每年使用情感(共享的积极影响)和 行为(和谐、互惠)指数。同时近红外光谱(NIRS) 非限制性和儿童友好的光学成像技术将被用于测量神经 回应母子两方面的游戏，各个年龄段的妈妈和孩子。母子同步性 皮质神经区的神经反应与奖赏反应、社会灵活性、 还将探索同步交互和指导化。从孩子3岁开始，孩子的神经 对奖励和社会反馈的反应将使用适合发展的NIRS奖励进行评估 范例。在5岁时，儿童将接受功能磁共振扫描，以探索大脑中的活动和相互之间的联系 奖励和社交网络。儿童亲社会行为和攻击行为的变化及涌现 学龄前精神病理学(焦虑、破坏性障碍)的测量将在3-5岁的儿童进行。 儿童的生物行为同步性将被评估为这些变化和障碍发生的预测因子。

Project Abstract. Children of depressed mothers are at increased risk for developing multiple psychiatric disorders in their lifetime. Devastatingly, these affective and behavioral disorders appear to emerge early in these high risk youth, with some studies showing elevated rates by age 5 or 6—highlighting the need to uncover etiological mechanisms that occur in the first five years of life. One putative mechanism of risk for psychopathology is aberrant responding in reward and social circuitry that is associated with less motivation for and pleasurable enjoyment of positive experiences. However, when, how, and why these reward disruptions emerge is unclear. One possibility is that compromised caregiving during the first years of life may fail to reinforce healthy reward function in offspring, given that warm, synchronous interactions appear to serve as a social reward. The conceptual model of this proposed BRAINS award is that positive reciprocal and synchronous interactions between mother and child during the crucial infant- toddler years may serve to reinforce brain development in offspring reward systems via oxytocin- dopamine-frontostriatal pathways. For children of depressed mothers, this loop may be compromised by less synchronous interactions and the negative impact of these asynchronous interactions may have cascade effects for child social behavior, including affect regulation with and by others, perspective- taking, and empathy, and for child psychiatric illness, especially anxiety and disruptive disorders. Using a multi-method, accelerated longitudinal design, a diverse sample of 160 mothers (half meeting criteria for depression) and first-born children will be recruited into three cohorts (at child age 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months at study entry) and will be assessed yearly for three years. Mother-child synchrony during play will be assessed for each cohort yearly using affective (shared positive affect) and behavioral (harmonious, reciprocal play) indices. Simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical imaging technique that is non-restrictive and child-friendly will be used to measure neural responding to mother-child play in both mothers and children at all ages. Mother-child synchrony of neural responding in cortical neural regions implicated in reward responding, social flexibility, synchronous interactions, and mentalizing will also be explored. Starting at child age 3, child neural response to reward and social feedback will be assessed using developmentally-appropriate NIRS reward paradigms. At age 5, children will undergo an fMRI scan to explore activity in and connectivity among reward and social networks. Changes in child prosocial behavior and aggressive behavior and emergence of preschool psychopathology (anxiety, disruptive disorders) will be measured at child ages 3-5.Mother- child bio-behavioral synchrony will be evaluated as a predictor of these changes and the onset of disorder.