Brain-Behavior Synchrony in Very Young Children and their Depressed Mothers

项目摘要。抑郁母亲的孩子患多种精神疾病的风险增加 一生中的疾病令人震惊的是，这些情感和行为障碍似乎出现得很早， 在这些高危青少年中，一些研究显示5岁或6岁的发病率升高-强调需要 揭示在生命的前五年发生的病因机制。一种假定的风险机制 因为精神病理学是奖励和社会回路中的异常反应， 积极体验的动机和愉快的享受。然而，何时，如何，以及为什么这些 奖励中断的出现尚不清楚。一种可能性是，在第一次世界大战期间， 多年的生活可能无法加强后代健康的奖励功能，因为温暖，同步 互动似乎是一种社会奖励。这个拟议的BRAINS奖的概念模型是 在关键的婴儿时期，母亲和孩子之间积极的相互和同步的互动， 幼儿时期可能通过催产素加强后代奖励系统的大脑发育， 多巴胺-额纹状体通路对于抑郁母亲的孩子来说，这个循环可能会受到以下因素的影响： 较少的同步交互以及这些异步交互的负面影响可能具有 儿童社会行为的级联效应，包括与他人的情感调节，视角- 采取，和同情，并为儿童精神疾病，特别是焦虑和破坏性障碍。使用 多方法加速纵向设计，160名母亲（一半符合标准）的多样化样本 抑郁症）和第一个出生的孩子将被招募到三个队列（在孩子年龄12个月，24 研究开始时为36个月），并将每年评估一次，持续三年。母子 每年将使用情感（共享积极情感）和 行为（和谐，互惠游戏）指数。同时近红外光谱（NIRS）， 将使用非限制性和儿童友好的光学成像技术来测量神经 对所有年龄段的母亲和孩子的母子游戏都有反应。母子同步性 皮层神经区域的神经反应与奖赏反应，社会灵活性， 同步互动和心理化也将被探讨。从3岁开始，儿童神经 将使用发育适当的NIRS奖励评估对奖励和社会反馈的反应 范例在5岁时，儿童将接受功能磁共振成像扫描，以探索大脑中的活动和连接， 奖励和社交网络。儿童亲社会行为和攻击行为的变化及出现 学龄前精神病理学（焦虑，破坏性障碍）将在儿童3- 5岁时进行测量。 儿童生物行为同步性将被评估为这些变化和障碍发作的预测因子。

Project Abstract. Children of depressed mothers are at increased risk for developing multiple psychiatric disorders in their lifetime. Devastatingly, these affective and behavioral disorders appear to emerge early in these high risk youth, with some studies showing elevated rates by age 5 or 6—highlighting the need to uncover etiological mechanisms that occur in the first five years of life. One putative mechanism of risk for psychopathology is aberrant responding in reward and social circuitry that is associated with less motivation for and pleasurable enjoyment of positive experiences. However, when, how, and why these reward disruptions emerge is unclear. One possibility is that compromised caregiving during the first years of life may fail to reinforce healthy reward function in offspring, given that warm, synchronous interactions appear to serve as a social reward. The conceptual model of this proposed BRAINS award is that positive reciprocal and synchronous interactions between mother and child during the crucial infant- toddler years may serve to reinforce brain development in offspring reward systems via oxytocin- dopamine-frontostriatal pathways. For children of depressed mothers, this loop may be compromised by less synchronous interactions and the negative impact of these asynchronous interactions may have cascade effects for child social behavior, including affect regulation with and by others, perspective- taking, and empathy, and for child psychiatric illness, especially anxiety and disruptive disorders. Using a multi-method, accelerated longitudinal design, a diverse sample of 160 mothers (half meeting criteria for depression) and first-born children will be recruited into three cohorts (at child age 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months at study entry) and will be assessed yearly for three years. Mother-child synchrony during play will be assessed for each cohort yearly using affective (shared positive affect) and behavioral (harmonious, reciprocal play) indices. Simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical imaging technique that is non-restrictive and child-friendly will be used to measure neural responding to mother-child play in both mothers and children at all ages. Mother-child synchrony of neural responding in cortical neural regions implicated in reward responding, social flexibility, synchronous interactions, and mentalizing will also be explored. Starting at child age 3, child neural response to reward and social feedback will be assessed using developmentally-appropriate NIRS reward paradigms. At age 5, children will undergo an fMRI scan to explore activity in and connectivity among reward and social networks. Changes in child prosocial behavior and aggressive behavior and emergence of preschool psychopathology (anxiety, disruptive disorders) will be measured at child ages 3-5.Mother- child bio-behavioral synchrony will be evaluated as a predictor of these changes and the onset of disorder.