Unpredictable drug and non-drug alternatives as determinants of cocaine choice

不可预测的药物和非药物替代品是可卡因选择的决定因素

• 批准号: 9097673
• 负责人: Sally Huskinson
• 金额: $ 6万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-20 至 2017-07-19
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9097673
• 关键词: Behavior; Behavior Therapy; Behavioral; Cocaine; Cocaine Abuse; Development; Dose; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug abuse; Food; Goals; Health; Human; Intake; Left; Location; Macaca mulatta; Modeling; Modification; Nature; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Price; Psychological reinforcement; Reinforcement Schedule; Research; Schedule; Self Administration; Time; base; contingency management; cost; drug abuser; experience; non-drug; novel; novel strategies; preference; psychosocial; reinforcer; response; substance abuse treatment; translational approach

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The choice to take cocaine can be altered by manipulating the amount and responses required to obtain drug and non-drug alternatives, and this research has contributed to development of behavioral treatments for drug abuse, such as contingency management. Contingency management is the most effective psychosocial treatment for substance abuse. However, the feasibility of contingency management could be enhanced by reducing its cost. Using a nonhuman model of behavioral therapy, we can thoroughly examine variables such as response requirement and reinforcer amount to determine arrangements that most effectively reduce drug choice. Effects of such variables on drug choice in nonhumans have been studied primarily with qualitatively similar response-reinforcer relations for both options. However, the choice to take a drug when drug and competing non-drug alternatives are available under qualitatively different circumstances represents a more translational approach to what human drug abusers experience. Behavior is more persistent with unpredictable (e.g., variable) relative to predictable (e.g., fixed) schedules When choice is between fixed and variable schedules of food, nonhumans tend to choose the variable option, even when the result is net reinforcer loss. Whether nonhumans will choose a variable vs. fixed schedule of drug delivery has not been examined. The overall goal of the proposed research is to examine whether unpredictable reinforcement is a determinant of cocaine choice in rhesus monkeys. The significance of this research is two-fold: 1) it will establish the extent to which a fundamental behavioral phenomenon-preference for unpredictable options-is a key feature of cocaine self-administration; 2) confirmation of our hypotheses would support the use of novel and easily implemented modifications to behavioral therapy for drug abuse based on the unpredictable nature of drug and non-drug options. Specific Aim 1 is to examine choice between predictable and unpredictable schedules of cocaine. It is hypothesized that cocaine will be a more effective reinforcer when available in an unpredictable situation. Specific Aim 2 is to examine choice between predictable and unpredictable schedules of cocaine and food delivery in a drug vs. food situation. It is hypothesized that cocaine will be more effective when it is available under an unpredictable schedule and less effective when food is available under and unpredictable schedule. Specific Aim 3 is to examine choice between cocaine and food when food is unpredictable in terms of schedule and amount per delivery. It is hypothesized that food will be more effective when its schedule and amount of delivery are unpredictable relative to situations where only schedule or amount is unpredictable. If cocaine is chosen more robustly under unpredictable situations, then the unpredictability of cocaine may serve to increase its reinforcing value. Conversely, reducing cocaine choice when alternative non-drug reinforcers are unpredictable may provide an effective and novel approach to treating cocaine abuse.

描述（由申请人提供）：服用可卡因的选择可以通过控制获得药物和非药物替代品所需的量和反应来改变，这项研究有助于药物滥用行为治疗的发展，如应急管理。应急管理是药物滥用最有效的心理治疗方法。然而，应急管理的可行性可以通过降低其成本来提高。使用非人类行为治疗模型，我们可以彻底检查诸如反应要求和强化量之类的变量，以确定最有效地减少药物选择的安排。这些变量对非人类药物选择的影响已经主要研究了两种选择的定性相似的反应-强化关系。然而，当在质量不同的情况下可获得药物和竞争性非药物替代品时，选择服用药物代表了对人类药物滥用者所经历的更转化的方法。相对于可预测的（如固定的）时间表，不可预测的（如可变的）行为更持久。当在固定的和可变的食物时间表之间做出选择时，非人类倾向于选择可变的选项，即使结果是净强化物损失。非人类是否会选择一个可变的还是固定的给药时间表还没有被研究过。拟议研究的总体目标是检查不可预测的强化是否是恒河猴可卡因选择的决定因素。这项研究的意义是双重的：1)它将确定一个基本的行为现象——对不可预测的选择的偏好——在多大程度上是可卡因自我给药的一个关键特征；2)基于药物和非药物选择的不可预测性，我们的假设的证实将支持对药物滥用行为疗法进行新颖且易于实施的修改。具体目标1是检查可预测和不可预测的可卡因时间表之间的选择。据推测，在不可预测的情况下，可卡因将是一种更有效的强化剂。具体目标2是检查在药物与食物的情况下，可卡因和食物递送的可预测和不可预测的时间表之间的选择。据推测，在不可预测的时间表下，可卡因会更有效，而在不可预测的时间表下，食物会更不有效。具体目标3是在食物的时间表和每次递送的数量不可预测的情况下，检查可卡因和食物之间的选择。据推测，当食物的运送时间表和数量不可预测时，相对于只有时间表或数量不可预测的情况，食物会更有效。如果在不可预测的情况下更坚定地选择可卡因，那么可卡因的不可预测性可能有助于增加其强化价值。相反，当替代的非药物强化物不可预测时，减少可卡因的选择可能为治疗可卡因滥用提供一种有效和新颖的方法。