Trauma exposure, emotion regulation and cognitive skills in early childhood: Prospective and longitudinal examination of the mechanisms of adjustment

 描述（由申请人提供）：暴露于创伤对幼儿的发育和心理健康有重大影响。拟议的项目是一个更新应用程序，旨在扩展R 01 MH 079252 -03的调查结果，该调查结果成功地测试和模拟了302名寄养青年在三个时间点的样本中潜在保护因素与心理健康结果之间的关系。结果表明，结构，如儿童评价的事件和应对或解决问题的风格调解虐待暴露和调整，特别是侵略之间的关系。此外，结果表明，像智商这样的认知系统在这种关系中起着调节作用。总之，结果表明，在拟议的项目中提出的下一个研究问题。该项目旨在通过将调查扩大到更年轻的年龄，更好地阐明评估（或威胁感知）和解决问题技能（或工作记忆技能）的核心组成部分，这些技能是学龄青年适应的原因。在拟议的项目中，我们将前瞻性地和纵向地评估创伤暴露的尺寸组成部分（即，频率，慢性和严重性）影响负价系统（威胁）和认知系统（工作记忆），以预测早期儿童年龄的青年调整。样本将由180名基线时年龄为3-5岁的青少年（及其父母和教师）组成，按创伤暴露风险分层，从而可以确定创伤对青少年样本的不同影响，这些青少年在长期暴露于不同的慢性程度，频率和严重程度。该项目将尽早评估创伤，因为它可以在通常被认为是创伤性的事件范围内进行可靠的评估，并提供一个模型测试，以了解这些基线创伤和新创伤的维度如何随着时间的推移影响情绪调节和工作记忆。此外，该项目将在最短的合理时间内比较基线情绪调节和工作记忆功能与创伤后功能，以便能够比以往更可靠地确定事件对青少年情绪调节和工作记忆的实际影响。该项目还将通过解释父母对孩子在确定性-结果关系中的情感反应来扩展这项工作。该项目是重要的和创新的，因为它将包括情绪调节和工作记忆的评估，使用最先进的工具在各种模式（生理心率，观察措施，实验室任务，标准化的措施和自我报告），以提供最清晰的结构之间的相互作用的图片。随着时间的推移，创伤维度的测试模型，并专注于情绪调节，工作记忆和亲子互动的核心组成部分，作为创伤如何赋予发育健康风险的机制是罕见的，需要该领域超越长长的列表，青年展示的多重结局的反应（积极和有害的）创伤后暴露。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Exposure to trauma has a significant influence on developmental and mental health in young children. The proposed project is a renewal application designed to extend the findings of R01 MH079252-03 that successfully tested and modeled the relation between potential protective factors and mental health outcomes for a sample of 302 youth in foster care over three time points. The results indicated that constructs like child appraisal of events and coping or problem-solving style mediated the relation between maltreatment exposure and adjustment, specifically aggression. Moreover, the results indicated that cognitive systems like IQ operated as a moderator of the relation. Taken together, the results suggest the next line of research questions put forth in the proposed project. The project seeks to better illuminate the core components of appraisal (or threat perception) and problem-solving skills (or working memory skills) that accounted for adjustment in school-age youth by expanding the investigation to a younger age. In the proposed project, we will prospectively and longitudinally assess how dimensional components of trauma exposure (i.e., frequency, chronicity, and severity) influence the Negative Valence System (threat) and Cognitive Systems (working memory) to predict adjustment for early childhood-aged youth. The sample will be composed of 180 youth (and their parents and teachers) ages 3-5 at baseline, stratified by risk for trauma exposure making it possible to identify differential effects of trauma across a sample of youth who vary over time in their exposure to different levels of chronicity, frequency, and severity. The project will assess trauma as early as it can be reliably assessed across the spectrum of events commonly accepted as traumatic and provide a model test of the how the dimensions of those baseline traumas and new traumas over time impact emotion regulation and working memory. Moreover, the project will compare baseline emotion regulation and working memory functioning with post-trauma functioning in the smallest reasonable time frame so that the actual impact of the events on youth emotion regulation and working memory can be more reliably determined than ever before. The project will also extend the work by accounting for parental emotional response to the child in the exposure-outcome relation. The project is important and innovative in that it will include assessment of emotional regulation and working memory using state-of-the-art tools across a variety of modalities (physiological heart rate, observational measures, laboratory tasks, standardized measures, and self-report) to provide the clearest possible picture of the interaction between the constructs. Testing models of trauma dimensions over time and focusing on the core components of emotion regulation, working memory and parent-child interaction as mechanisms of how trauma confers risk to developmental health are rare and needed for the field to advance beyond long lists of the multifinality of responses youth demonstrate (both positive and detrimental) post-trauma exposure.