Walking, exploration, and language in high and low risk infants

项目摘要 行走的开始和社会交流和语言的发展可能是密切相关的 连接.行走的进步促进了婴儿对环境的探索，并导致了婴儿对环境的改变。 这些变化反过来又为社会发展提供了更多的机会。 沟通和语言。相对于爬行动物，步行者更容易接近远端物体，探索 环境更有效，移动更多的物体在手，更容易启动社会互动，并携带 对象的照顾者在沟通出价创造的时刻，共同关注，在此期间，照顾者 语言输入可能最有效。步行出现和发展的延迟可能会 因此减少了探索和社会互动的机会，减少了有益的丰富的护理人员投入 促进了社会交流和语言的发展本研究的目的是进行详细的 通过提供关于这一未研究的发展途径的前瞻性纵向数据， 行走的出现和发展，运动探索的变化，婴儿交流的进展， 照顾者交流输入的改变，以及6至36个月的语言发展。 研究设计包括密集的纵向观察，结合联合收割机标准步态数据和丰富的阵列 婴儿运动，探索，和沟通行为和护理人员的输入编码从视频。这将 允许密切跟踪行走，运动探索以及婴儿和护理人员沟通的进展 并评估它们与以后儿童语言结果的关系。通过比较已知的婴儿在 运动和交流延迟的高风险（HR）（即，有年长兄弟姐妹的婴儿被诊断为 自闭症谱系障碍）的婴儿（低风险婴儿，LR），这项研究将产生财富 不仅是关于基本发育过程的数据， 发展的关键时期。这也将使我们更深入地了解婴儿探索的方式， 当婴儿开始走路时，沟通和照顾者的输入发生变化，因此，它将奠定基础 开发新的干预措施，可以早期交付，目的是提高社会 具有广泛病因的早期运动迟缓婴儿的沟通和语言结果。 !

PROJECT SUMMARY The onset of walking and growth in social communication and language are likely to be intimately connected. Advances in walking facilitate infants’ exploration of the environment and lead to alterations in caregiver input; and these changes in turn provide expanded opportunities for the development of social communication and language. Relative to crawlers, walkers have greater access to distal objects, explore the environment more efficiently, move more with objects in hand, initiate social interaction more easily, and carry objects to caregivers in communicative bids creating moments of shared attention during which caregiver language input is likely to be maximally effective. Delays in the emergence and development of walking may therefore reduce opportunities for exploration and social interaction and diminish rich caregiver input beneficial for the growth of social communication and language. The purpose of this research is to conduct a detailed examination of this unstudied developmental pathway by providing prospective, longitudinal data on the emergence and development of walking, changes in locomotor exploration, advances in infant communication, alterations in caregiver communicative input, and later developments in language from 6 to 36 months of age. The study design involves intensive longitudinal observations that combine standard gait data with a rich array of infant motor, exploration, and communicative behaviors and caregiver input to be coded from video. This will permit close tracking of advances in walking, locomotor exploration, and infant and caregiver communication and evaluation of their relationship to later child language outcomes. By comparing infants known to be at heightened risk (HR) for motor and communicative delays (viz., infants with an older sibling diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder) to infants with no known risk (low-risk infants, LR), this research will yield a wealth of data not only on fundamental developmental processes but on the effects of developmental delays during a critical period in development. It will also yield a deeper understanding of the ways in which infant exploration and communication and caregiver input change when infants begin to walk, and thus it will lay the groundwork for the development of novel interventions that can be delivered early with the goal of enhancing social communication and language outcomes in infants with early motor delays with a broad range of etiologies. !