The malleability of social group understanding in infancy

婴儿期社会群体理解的可塑性

• 批准号: 10191896
• 负责人: Hyesung Grace Hwang
• 金额: $ 10.07万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-07 至 2023-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10191896
• 关键词: 6 year old; 7 year old; Age; Age-Months; Attention; Award; Behavior; Behavioral; Categories; Censuses; Child; Childhood; Code; Cognitive; Conceptions; Conflict (Psychology); Data; Data Set; Development; Environment; Exposure to; Face; Face Processing; Foxes; Friendships; Fright; Future; Human; Individual; Infant; Infant Behavior; Knowledge; Language; Lead; Learning; Mentors; Motivation; Nature; Neighborhoods; Persons; Phase; Prejudice; Process; Race; Randomized; Research; Research Personnel; Research Technics; Sampling; Shapes; Social Behavior; Social Interaction; Social Network; Speech; Stereotyping; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Translating; Work; age related; base; demographics; early childhood; expectation; experience; experimental study; improved; infancy; longitudinal dataset; neural correlate; neuromechanism; power analysis; racial bias; racial diversity; racial prejudice; relating to nervous system; response; skills; social; social bias; social group

Project Summary The human tendency to discriminate emerges early in development: By 3 months of age, infants prefer looking at same-race faces over different-race faces. However, it is unclear how these perceptual tendencies translate to later racial prejudice and stereotypes. Previous infancy research on racial groups has mostly focused on perceptual skills (such as classifying faces of different races) rather than infants’ cognitive reasoning about and naturalistic behaviors toward different racial groups that may be more direct precursors of racial biases. Of the few studies that explore whether infants use race to guide their behaviors, there are conflicting evidences: Some find that infants show more positive behaviors toward same-race than different-race people, whereas others find no evidence of race influencing infants’ behaviors. Such discrepancy could be due to these studies not accounting for infants’ experience with different race individuals. Exposure to different races clearly impacts infants’ face processing; it is possible early social experience with racially diverse individuals may also shape infants’ cognitive inferences about and social behaviors toward people who differ from them in race. The current project will thus fill a critical gap in our knowledge about how exposure to different races shape infants’ inferences about and stranger fear toward different-race individuals in the K99 phase (Aims 1 to 2). Aim 1 will examine whether infants have differential expectations about intra- vs. inter-racial interactions and whether racial diversity in their social networks and neighborhood environments relate to their expectations about interracial interactions. Aim 2 will utilize large-scale, longitudinal datasets to analyze whether infants show greater fear to racial outgroup than ingroup strangers, whether stranger fear is modulated by neighborhood racial demographics, and how this fear may change across development from infancy to childhood. In the independent R00 phase (Aims 3 to 4), the candidate will integrate techniques learned from her F32 and K99 phases to examine which type of exposure to different-race individuals most effectively changes race-based reasoning and behavior in infancy and childhood. Specifically, the R00 research will examine if interactive interactions with different-race individuals are more effective than passive exposure in changing inferences, stranger fear, and neural activities toward racial outgroup individuals in infants (Aim 3) and children (Aim 4). These studies will help elucidate the developmental trajectory of racial biases. This award will provide the candidate, who has a strong background in experimental research with children, with training in infancy and longitudinal research techniques to facilitate her transition to an independent researcher that can lead large-scale, longitudinal research efforts.

项目概要 人类的歧视倾向在发育早期就出现了：到 3 个月大时，婴儿 更喜欢看同种族的面孔而不是不同种族的面孔。然而，目前还不清楚这些是如何 知觉倾向转化为后来的种族偏见和刻板印象。以前的婴儿期 对种族群体的研究主要集中在感知技能（例如对不同种族的面孔进行分类） 不同种族），而不是婴儿的认知推理和自然行为 不同的种族群体可能是种族偏见更直接的先兆。在少数研究中 探索婴儿是否使用种族来指导他们的行为，存在相互矛盾的证据：一些 发现婴儿对同种族的人比对异种族的人表现出更积极的行为， 而其他人则没有发现种族影响婴儿行为的证据。这种差异可能会 是因为这些研究没有考虑婴儿与不同种族个体的经历。 接触不同种族显然会影响婴儿的面部处理；早期社交是可能的 与不同种族的人打交道的经历也可能影响婴儿的认知推断 以及针对种族不同的人的社会行为。因此，当前的项目将填补 关于接触不同种族如何影响婴儿的推论，我们的知识存在重大差距 K99 阶段（目标 1 至 2）对不同种族个体的陌生恐惧。目标1 将检查婴儿对种族内和种族间互动是否有不同的期望 以及他们的社交网络和邻里环境中的种族多样性是否与他们的 对跨种族互动的期望。目标 2 将利用大规模纵向数据集 分析婴儿是否对外群体的种族表现出比内群体陌生人更大的恐惧，是否 陌生人的恐惧受到社区种族人口统计的调节，以及这种恐惧可能如何改变 贯穿从婴儿期到儿童期的发展。在独立 R00 阶段（目标 3 至 4）， 候选人将整合从 F32 和 K99 阶段学到的技术来检查哪种类型 接触不同种族的人最有效地改变基于种族的推理 婴儿期和儿童期的行为。具体来说，R00 研究将检验是否具有互动性 在改变方面，与不同种族个体的互动比被动接触更有效 婴儿中对种族外群体个体的推论、陌生人恐惧和神经活动（目标 3) 和儿童（目标 4）。这些研究将有助于阐明种族的发展轨迹 偏见。该奖项将为具有深厚实验背景的候选人提供 与儿童一起进行研究，并接受婴儿期和纵向研究技术的培训，以促进 她转变为一名独立研究员，可以领导大规模的纵向研究工作。