The malleability of social group understanding in infancy

婴儿期社会群体理解的可塑性

• 批准号: 10386897
• 负责人: Hyesung Grace Hwang
• 金额: $ 9.95万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-07 至 2022-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10386897
• 关键词: 6 year old; 7 year old; Age; Age-Months; Attention; Award; Behavior; Behavioral; Categories; Censuses; Child; Childhood; Code; Cognitive; Conceptions; Conflict (Psychology); Data; Data Set; Development; Environment; Exposure to; Face; Face Processing; Foxes; Friendships; Fright; Future; Human; Individual; Infant; Infant Behavior; Knowledge; Language; Lead; Learning; Mentors; Motivation; Nature; Neighborhoods; Persons; Phase; Prejudice; Process; Race; Randomized; Research; Research Personnel; Research Technics; Sampling; Shapes; Social Behavior; Social Interaction; Social Network; Speech; Stereotyping; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Translating; Work; age related; base; demographics; early childhood; expectation; experience; experimental study; improved; infancy; longitudinal dataset; neural correlate; neuromechanism; power analysis; racial bias; racial diversity; racial prejudice; relating to nervous system; response; skills; social; social bias; social group

Project Summary The human tendency to discriminate emerges early in development: By 3 months of age, infants prefer looking at same-race faces over different-race faces. However, it is unclear how these perceptual tendencies translate to later racial prejudice and stereotypes. Previous infancy research on racial groups has mostly focused on perceptual skills (such as classifying faces of different races) rather than infants’ cognitive reasoning about and naturalistic behaviors toward different racial groups that may be more direct precursors of racial biases. Of the few studies that explore whether infants use race to guide their behaviors, there are conflicting evidences: Some find that infants show more positive behaviors toward same-race than different-race people, whereas others find no evidence of race influencing infants’ behaviors. Such discrepancy could be due to these studies not accounting for infants’ experience with different race individuals. Exposure to different races clearly impacts infants’ face processing; it is possible early social experience with racially diverse individuals may also shape infants’ cognitive inferences about and social behaviors toward people who differ from them in race. The current project will thus fill a critical gap in our knowledge about how exposure to different races shape infants’ inferences about and stranger fear toward different-race individuals in the K99 phase (Aims 1 to 2). Aim 1 will examine whether infants have differential expectations about intra- vs. inter-racial interactions and whether racial diversity in their social networks and neighborhood environments relate to their expectations about interracial interactions. Aim 2 will utilize large-scale, longitudinal datasets to analyze whether infants show greater fear to racial outgroup than ingroup strangers, whether stranger fear is modulated by neighborhood racial demographics, and how this fear may change across development from infancy to childhood. In the independent R00 phase (Aims 3 to 4), the candidate will integrate techniques learned from her F32 and K99 phases to examine which type of exposure to different-race individuals most effectively changes race-based reasoning and behavior in infancy and childhood. Specifically, the R00 research will examine if interactive interactions with different-race individuals are more effective than passive exposure in changing inferences, stranger fear, and neural activities toward racial outgroup individuals in infants (Aim 3) and children (Aim 4). These studies will help elucidate the developmental trajectory of racial biases. This award will provide the candidate, who has a strong background in experimental research with children, with training in infancy and longitudinal research techniques to facilitate her transition to an independent researcher that can lead large-scale, longitudinal research efforts.

项目摘要 人类的歧视倾向在发育的早期就出现了：3个月大的婴儿， 更喜欢看同种族的脸而不是不同种族的脸。然而，目前尚不清楚这些 感性倾向转化为后来的种族偏见和成见。前婴儿期 对种族群体的研究主要集中在感知技能上（例如对 不同种族），而不是婴儿的认知推理和自然主义行为， 不同的种族群体可能是种族偏见的更直接的前兆。在为数不多的研究中， 探索婴儿是否使用种族来指导他们的行为，有相互矛盾的证据：一些 发现婴儿对同种族的人比对不同种族的人表现出更多的积极行为， 而另一些人则没有发现种族影响婴儿行为的证据。这种差异可能 这是因为这些研究没有考虑到婴儿与不同种族个体的经历。 暴露于不同的种族显然会影响婴儿的面部处理;这可能是早期社会 与不同种族的人打交道的经历也可能塑造婴儿对以下问题的认知推断： 以及对种族不同的人的社会行为。本项目将填补 我们对接触不同种族如何影响婴儿推断的知识存在重大差距 在K99阶段，对不同种族的个体产生陌生人恐惧（目标1至2）。要求1 将研究婴儿是否对种族内和种族间的互动有不同的期望 以及他们的社交网络和邻里环境中的种族多样性是否与他们的 对不同种族间交往的期望目标2将利用大规模的纵向数据集， 分析婴儿是否对种族外群体比内群体陌生人表现出更大的恐惧， 陌生人恐惧是由附近的种族人口统计学，以及如何这种恐惧可能会改变调制 从婴儿期到儿童期的发展。在独立R 00阶段（目标3至4）， 候选人将整合从F32和K99阶段学到的技术，以检查哪种类型 接触不同种族的个体最有效地改变了基于种族的推理， 婴儿期和儿童期的行为。具体来说，R 00研究将检查是否互动 与不同种族的人互动比被动接触更有效地改变 婴儿对种族外群个体的推断、陌生人恐惧和神经活动（Aim 3)儿童（目标4）这些研究将有助于阐明种族歧视的发展轨迹。 偏见这个奖项将提供候选人，谁拥有强大的背景，在实验 研究与儿童，在婴儿期和纵向研究技术的培训，以促进 她的过渡到一个独立的研究人员，可以导致大规模的，纵向的研究工作。

项目成果

Children's social wariness toward a different-race stranger relates to individual differences in temperament.

儿童对不同种族陌生人的社交戒心与个体气质差异有关。

• DOI: 10.1111/desc.13390
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Developmental science
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Hwang,HyesungG;Filippi,CourtneyA;Morales,Santiago;Fox,NathanA;Woodward,Amanda
• 通讯作者: Woodward,Amanda