The malleability of social group understanding in infancy and early childhood

婴儿期和幼儿期社会群体理解的可塑性

• 批准号: 10703524
• 负责人: Hyesung Grace Hwang
• 金额: $ 24.73万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-07 至 2025-08-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10703524
• 关键词: 6 year old; 7 year old; Age; Age-Months; Attention; Award; Behavior; Behavioral; Categories; Censuses; Child; Childhood; Code; Cognitive; Conceptions; Conflict (Psychology); Data; Data Set; Development; Environment; Exposure to; Face; Face Processing; Foxes; Friendships; Fright; Future; Human; Individual; Infant; Infant Behavior; Knowledge; Language; Lead; Learning; Mentors; Motivation; Nature; Neighborhoods; Persons; Phase; Prejudice; Process; Race; Randomized; Research; Research Personnel; Research Technics; Sampling; Shapes; Social Behavior; Social Interaction; Social Network; Speech; Stereotyping; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Translating; Work; age related; base; demographics; early childhood; expectation; experience; experimental study; improved; infancy; longitudinal dataset; neural correlate; neuromechanism; power analysis; racial bias; racial diversity; racial prejudice; relating to nervous system; response; skills; social; social bias; social group

Project Summary The human tendency to discriminate emerges early in development: By 3 months of age, infants prefer looking at same-race faces over different-race faces. However, it is unclear how these perceptual tendencies translate to later racial prejudice and stereotypes. Previous infancy research on racial groups has mostly focused on perceptual skills (such as classifying faces of different races) rather than infants’ cognitive reasoning about and naturalistic behaviors toward different racial groups that may be more direct precursors of racial biases. Of the few studies that explore whether infants use race to guide their behaviors, there are conflicting evidences: Some find that infants show more positive behaviors toward same-race than different-race people, whereas others find no evidence of race influencing infants’ behaviors. Such discrepancy could be due to these studies not accounting for infants’ experience with different race individuals. Exposure to different races clearly impacts infants’ face processing; it is possible early social experience with racially diverse individuals may also shape infants’ cognitive inferences about and social behaviors toward people who differ from them in race. The current project will thus fill a critical gap in our knowledge about how exposure to different races shape infants’ inferences about and stranger fear toward different-race individuals in the K99 phase (Aims 1 to 2). Aim 1 will examine whether infants have differential expectations about intra- vs. inter-racial interactions and whether racial diversity in their social networks and neighborhood environments relate to their expectations about interracial interactions. Aim 2 will utilize large-scale, longitudinal datasets to analyze whether infants show greater fear to racial outgroup than ingroup strangers, whether stranger fear is modulated by neighborhood racial demographics, and how this fear may change across development from infancy to childhood. In the independent R00 phase (Aims 3 to 4), the candidate will integrate techniques learned from her F32 and K99 phases to examine which type of exposure to different-race individuals most effectively changes race-based reasoning and behavior in infancy and childhood. Specifically, the R00 research will examine if interactive interactions with different-race individuals are more effective than passive exposure in changing inferences, stranger fear, and neural activities toward racial outgroup individuals in infants (Aim 3) and children (Aim 4). These studies will help elucidate the developmental trajectory of racial biases. This award will provide the candidate, who has a strong background in experimental research with children, with training in infancy and longitudinal research techniques to facilitate her transition to an independent researcher that can lead large-scale, longitudinal research efforts.

项目摘要 人类的歧视倾向在发育早期就出现了：在3个月大的时候，婴儿 相比不同种族的面孔，他们更喜欢看同一种族的面孔。然而，目前还不清楚这些是如何 感性倾向转化为后来的种族偏见和刻板印象。以前的婴儿期 对种族群体的研究主要集中在感知技能上(例如对 不同种族)，而不是婴儿对 不同的种族群体可能是种族偏见的更直接的前驱。在为数不多的研究中 探索婴儿是否使用种族来指导他们的行为，有相互矛盾的证据：一些 研究发现，婴儿比不同种族的人对同一种族表现出更多的积极行为， 而其他人则没有发现种族影响婴儿行为的证据。这样的差异可能会 这是因为这些研究没有考虑到婴儿与不同种族个体的经历。 与不同种族的接触明显影响婴儿的面部处理；这可能是早期社交 与不同种族的人相处的经历也可能影响婴儿对 以及对种族不同的人的社交行为。因此，当前项目将填充 我们对不同种族的接触如何影响婴儿推论的知识存在一个关键差距 在K99阶段(目标1到2)，对不同种族的人产生恐惧。目标1 将研究婴儿是否对种族内和种族间的互动有不同的期望 以及他们的社交网络和邻里环境中的种族多样性是否与他们的 对种族间互动的期望。目标2将利用大规模的纵向数据集来 分析婴儿对种族外群体是否比内群体陌生人表现出更大的恐惧，是否 陌生人的恐惧受到附近种族人口结构的影响，以及这种恐惧可能会如何改变 从婴儿期到儿童期的整个发展过程。在独立的R00阶段(目标3至4)， 候选人将结合从她的F32和K99阶段学到的技术来检查哪种类型 与不同种族的人接触最有效地改变了基于种族的推理和 婴儿期和儿童期的行为。具体地说，R00研究将检查是否具有互动性 与不同种族的人互动比被动暴露更有效地改变 婴儿对种族外群个体的推论、陌生人恐惧和神经活动(目标 3)和儿童(目标4)。这些研究将有助于阐明种族的发展轨迹 偏见。这一奖项将提供候选人，他在实验方面有很强的背景 与儿童一起进行研究，并进行婴儿期培训和纵向研究技术，以促进 她转变为一名独立研究人员，可以领导大规模的纵向研究工作。