Promoting health by understanding risk and protective factors for substance use among Latino youth in rural and small town communities in the United States

摘要 美国小城镇和农村社区的人口构成发生了戏剧性的变化 部分原因是大量拉美裔家庭的迁入。让社区支持他们的健康 成员，他们必须能够加强促进青年积极发展的因素(保护因素) 并减少阻碍它的因素(风险因素)。然而，关于风险和韧性的许多已知知识都来自于 来自对城市社区的研究。关于拉美裔在美国长大的纵向研究很少。 美国农村，没有人有足够的数据来了解物质使用(SU)的病因和健康模式 SU的差异，以及影响他们青年期健康和幸福感的因素。我们对此知之甚少 拉丁裔种族、移民身份和农村背景的交叉性以及这些因素与 健康差距的发展机制。这一知识鸿沟限制了预防和干预 服务作为预防科学范式，有赖于准确识别风险和保护因素 (RPFS)，并针对这些因素制定预防计划，以减少问题行为。现在 应用程序利用从儿童到成年早期的现有丰富的纵向数据来检查 对农村拉美裔青年的健康和福祉的影响。使用这些现有数据，我们将检查健康状况 第三代农村拉丁裔和非拉丁裔之间物质使用和相关rpf的差异(A) 白人青年；(B)第一代、第二代或第三代移民的农村拉丁裔青年(即 移民或在美国出生的父母)。在用于三角测量和验证的补充分析中，我们将使用 国家横断面数据，并检查rpfs与酒精、烟草、 按居住类型分列的拉美裔青年的大麻和其他毒品使用情况(农村地区与小城市和大城市地区) 在历史时间点和对应的年龄范围内进行纵向研究。调查结果将提供 关于美国农村地区拉美裔青年的风险和保护过程的严格科学证据。 这可能会导致预防工作，以减少物质使用和其他健康危险行为方面的健康差距 在年轻的成年期，并有可能减少在生命过程的后期严重疾病的差距。

Abstract The demographic composition of small towns and rural communities in the U.S. has changed dramatically, in part because of the large in-migration of Latino families. For communities to support the health of their members, they must be able to reinforce factors that promote positive youth development (protective factors) and abate factors that hinder it (risk factors). However, much of what is known about risk and resilience comes from research on urban communities. There has been little longitudinal research on Latinos growing up in the rural U.S., and none with sufficient data to understand the etiology of substance use (SU), patterns of health disparities in SU, and factors influencing their health and wellbeing as young adults. We know little about the intersectionality of Latino ethnicity, immigrant status, and rural context and how these relate to the developmental mechanisms of health disparities. This knowledge gap limits prevention and intervention services, as the prevention science paradigm depends on accurately identifying risk and protective factors (RPFs) and developing prevention programs targeting these factors to reduce problem behaviors. The present application capitalizes on existing rich longitudinal data spanning childhood through early adulthood to examine influences on health and well-being of rural Latino youth. Using this existing data, we will examine health disparities in substance use and associated RPFs (a) between 3rd-generation rural Latino and non-Latino White youth, and (b) among rural Latino youth who are 1st-, 2nd- or 3rd-generation immigrants (i.e., children of immigrant or U.S.-born parents). In the supplemental analyses used for triangulation and validation, we will use national cross-sectional data and examine differences in the association between RPFs and alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other drug use for Latino youth by the type of residence (rural vs. small and large metro areas) at the historical time points and age ranges corresponding to the longitudinal study. Findings will provide rigorous scientific evidence regarding risk and protective processes for Latino youth in rural areas of the U.S. that may lead to prevention efforts to reduce health disparities in substance use and other health risk behaviors in young adulthood, and potentially reduce disparities in serious illness later in the life course.