Sensorimotor integration in the auditory dorsal stream

项目摘要/摘要 两条皮质通路起源于听觉皮质的早期核心区和带区：一种腹侧通路 声音的识别，以及最初被定义为-类似于视觉系统-的背侧通路 处理空间和运动的流。有人提出，听觉背侧通路应该是 在更广泛的意义上被重构为用于传感器马达集成和控制的处理流(Rauscheck ker， 2011年)。这一更广泛的功能明确包括空间处理，但也扩展到 听觉-运动序列，包括人类的口语和音乐旋律。在这一长期中 项目，我们将通过训练恒河猴产生听觉背流的扩展模型来测试 我们实验室(Archakov Et Et)研制的一种新的行为装置(猴子钢琴)的声音序列 Al.，2020)。通过按下杠杆，猴子产生特定音调的音调；通过按下几个杠杆 接踵而至的时候，猴子会发出旋律。在一只动物学会了可靠地播放相同的序列后， 通过全脑功能磁共振成像识别听觉反应的大脑区域 (功能磁共振)，而动物是警觉的，并听取学习的自我产生的序列。控制刺激包括 猴子被动接触到的旋律，以及猴子从未听过的新奇旋律 在此之前。前一个资金周期的结果表明，听自己创作的旋律不会激活 不仅是听觉区域，还有大脑的运动区，从而证明了内部模型的存在 将感知和行动联系起来。激活区域的位置现在将指导电生理记录 使用线性微电极阵列(LMA)。我们将记录听觉和运动区的神经元反应 从大脑皮质到被动聆听声音序列，并将它们与当 猴子主动地产生有声音和没有声音的序列。最后，我们将添加一只猴子玩耍的视频 在猴子钢琴上的声音序列和研究沿背流的多感觉交互作用 FMRI和LMAS。特别是，尾部听带和耳垂的反应将与在 运动前皮质和后顶叶皮质的同步记录。我们的研究，使用警觉的猴子 通过行为任务的训练，将有助于理解感知和认知的统一原则 以内部模型的形式跨越感觉系统及其与运动系统的相互作用。 研究非人灵长类动物的听觉背根流将提供有关起源的重要信息 人类交流，包括语言和音乐。我们的研究与更高级别的处理相关 言语障碍及其产生的障碍，如言语失用、不流利的失语症和特定的语言 感觉和运动系统之间的协调不充分的障碍。结果也将是 提高我们对感觉运动障碍的理解，如共济失调，这可能是由中风或 神经退行性疾病，从而导致更好的治疗和康复策略。

Project Summary/Abstract Two cortical pathways originate from early core and belt areas of auditory cortex: a ventral pathway subserving identification of sounds, and a dorsal pathway that was originally defined – similar to the visual system – as a processing stream for space and motion. It has been proposed that the auditory dorsal pathway should be reframed in a wider sense as a processing stream for sensorimotor integration and control (Rauschecker, 2011). This broader function explicitly includes spatial processing but also extends to the processing of auditory-motor sequences, including spoken speech and musical melodies in humans. In this long-term project, we will test the expanded model of the auditory dorsal stream by training rhesus monkeys to produce sound sequences on a new behavioral apparatus (“monkey piano”) developed in our laboratory (Archakov et al., 2020). By pressing a lever, the monkey produces a tone of a specific pitch; by pressing several levers in succession, the monkey produces a melody. After an animal has learned to reliably play the same sequence, auditory-responsive brain regions are identified through whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while the animal is alert and listens to the learned self-produced sequence. Control stimuli include melodies the monkey has been passively exposed to, and novel melodies that the monkey has never heard before. Results from the previous funding cycle show that listening to the self-produced melody activates not only auditory areas but also motor regions of the brain, thus demonstrating the existence of internal models linking perception and action. The locations of activated regions will now guide electrophysiological recording with linear microelectrode arrays (LMAs). We will record neuronal responses in auditory and motor regions of cortex to passive listening of the sound sequences and compare them to neuronal activity obtained when the monkey actively produces the sequence with and without sound. Finally, we will add video of a monkey playing the sound sequence on the monkey piano and study multisensory interactions along the dorsal stream using fMRI and LMAs. In particular, responses in caudal auditory belt and parabelt will be compared with those in premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex in simultaneous recordings. Our studies, using alert monkeys trained in a behavioral task, will contribute to the understanding of unified principles of perception and cognition across sensory systems and their interactions with the motor system in the form of internal models. Investigating the auditory dorsal stream in a nonhuman primate will provide essential information on the origin of human communication, including speech and music. Our studies are relevant for higher–level processing disorders of speech and its production, such as apraxia of speech, non-fluent aphasia, and specific language disorders that involve inadequate coordination between sensory and motor systems. The results will also improve our understanding of sensorimotor disorders, such as ataxia, which may be caused by stroke or neurodegenerative disease, thus leading to better therapies and rehabilitation strategies.