Molecular Pathophysiology of Thyroid Cell Growth

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Abstract: Poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATC) have a high frequency of mutations of genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF (BAF and PBAF) chromatin remodeling complexes. Moreover, a Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis screen found that disruptions of chromatin modifiers, including Swi/Snf subunits, significantly cooperate with oncogenic Hras in progression to PDTC. The SWI/SNF complex supports terminal differentiation in multiple contexts and its loss can promote stem cell-like properties. Potent inhibition of MAPK signaling markedly augments expression of thyroid differentiation genes, increases radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake and responses to RAI therapy in mice and in patients with mutations of MAPK signaling effectors. We speculate that disruptions of SWI/SNF may lock thyroid cells into a dedifferentiated state that is no longer reversible by MAPK pathway blockade. We found that homozygous loss of Arid1a, Arid2 and Smarcb1 in the context of BrafV600E results in dedifferentiation, development of PDTC and ATCs and decreased survival. Although Swi/Snf subunit loss results in a more compact and inaccessible chromatin landscape, it paradoxically also increases chromosome accessibility to sites that are enriched for DNA motifs that predict for activation of transcriptional programs mediating disease progression and trans-differentiation, and generate potential therapeutic dependencies. For instance, these tumors have a robust activation of the Hedgehog pathway and exquisite sensitivity to the Gli antagonist GANT61, but not to upstream inhibitors of the pathway. We will now pursue the following aims: 1. Investigate the impact of Arid1a, Arid2 and Smarcb1 loss on thyroid tumorigenesis in GEM models and on the chromatin and transcriptional landscape. 2. Identify novel dependencies arising from Arid1a, Arid2 and Smarcb1 loss in Braf-mutant thyroid cancers, and test the hypothesis that Swi/Snf loss augments the MAPK transcriptional output distal to the phosphorylation cascade mediated by its signaling effectors. We will also determine whether Swi/Snf loss poises cells to trans-differentiate towards non-thyroidal lineages, and explore the mechanisms involved. 3. Determine whether loss of Swi/Snf function impairs the ability of MAPK pathway inhibitors to restore thyroid differentiation in Braf-driven thyroid cancers, and if so, if this can be restored by GANT61, BET domain or EZH2 inhibitors.