Project 1: Systemic analysis of the origin and tissue effects of the 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy-predictive whole blood transcriptomic signature

项目1摘要 表达SIV插入片段的68-1猕猴巨细胞病毒载体免疫恒河猴 (RhCMV/SIV)引起的免疫反应在59%的疫苗接种者中能够拦截并有效地阻止早期 传播原发SIV感染。绝大多数表现出SIV复制停滞的接种RM去了 完全清除SIV感染，这是一个具有巨大潜在临床意义的显著结果。这个独一无二的 抑制和清除效应的模式与主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)-E限制性SIV- 特异性CD8+T细胞反应和在具有MHC-E限制性CD8+T细胞反应的RMS中，保护性预测 全血接种疫苗的先天免疫转录反应(全血保护-预测性 签名或wbPPTS)，包括中央IL-15信令组件。RhCMV/SIV疫苗将运往RM 阻止和明确的效果表现为低基线IL-15信号(IL-15静止)和高疫苗接种后 持续到SIV挑战的IL-15信号。由于IL-15是效应器的主要细胞因子调节因子 记忆T细胞生理学，包括调节效应器功能、激活阈值、群体 动态平衡和归巢行为，这些观察到的大小和持久性之间的相关性 对IL-15信号的诱导和保护作用可能反映了IL-15对SIV特异性MHC的调节。 E-受限的CD8+T细胞，但IL-15不是wbPPTS的唯一途径，目前尚不清楚IL-15或其他途径 WbPPTS的组成部分有助于基于组织的免疫编程，使疫苗具有效力。 在这个项目中，我们试图描述wbPPTS的起源和组织相关性及其对IL-15的依赖。 描述疫苗诱导的先天免疫程序的基本组成部分 功效。我们将通过确定1)RhCMV/SIV的系统转录相关性来实现这一目标 疫苗诱导的外周和粘膜淋巴组织中的wbPPTS及其对IL-15信号的依赖 (S.A.1)，2)组织中对RhCMV/SIV感染细胞的特异性空间转录反应和直接 载体感染细胞对与wbPPTS相关的局部和系统转录反应的贡献 编程(S.A.2)，以及3)IL-15信号静止之间关联的潜在机制 和wbPPTS(S.A.3)的生成。我们预计这些数据将牵涉到一种潜在的免疫机制 RhCMV/SIV疫苗诱导的停滞和明确的保护，以提供有效的基于组织的免疫关联 用于临床翻译，并有可能导致疫苗修改，以提高CMV的效力- 以SIV/HIV疫苗为基础。

Project 1 Summary Vaccination of Rhesus macaques (RMs) with SIV insert-expressing 68-1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus vectors (RhCMV/SIV) elicits an immune response that in 59% of vaccinees can intercept and effectively arrest an early spreading primary SIV infection. The vast majority of vaccinated RM that manifest SIV replication arrest go to completely clear SIV infection, a remarkable outcome with enormous potential clinical significance. This unique pattern of “arrest and clear” efficacy has been linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-E-restricted SIV- specific CD8+ T cell responses and in RMs with MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses, a protection-predictive innate immune transcriptional response to vaccination in whole blood (the whole blood protection-predictive signature or wbPPTS) that includes a central IL-15 signaling component. RhCMV/SIV vaccinated RM destined for arrest and clear efficacy manifest low baseline IL-15 signaling (IL-15 quiescence) and high post vaccination IL-15 signaling which persists through to SIV challenge. Since IL-15 is the major cytokine regulator of effector memory T cell physiology, including regulation of effector function, activation thresholds, population homeostasis, and homing behavior, these observations that correlation between the magnitude and persistence of IL-15 signaling induction and protection might reflect an IL-15-mediated modulation of the SIV-specific MHC- E-restricted CD8+ T cells, but IL-15 is not the only pathway in the wbPPTS and its unclear whether IL-15 or other components of the wbPPTS contribute to the tissue-based immune programming that enables vaccine efficacy. In this project, we seek to delineate the origin and tissue correlates of the wbPPTS and its IL-15 dependence in order the delineate the fundamental components of vaccine-induced innate immune programming required for efficacy. We will achieve this goal by determining 1) the systemic transcriptomic correlates of the RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced wbPPTS in peripheral and mucosal lymphoid tissues and its dependence on IL-15 signaling (S.A.1), 2) the specific spatial transcriptomic response to RhCMV/SIV-infected cells in tissues and the direct contribution of vector-infected cells to the local and systemic transcriptomic responses linked to wbPPTS programming (S.A.2), and 3) the mechanisms underlying the association between IL-15 signaling quiescence and generation of the wbPPTS (S.A.3). We expect these data to implicate an underlying immune mechanism for RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced arrest and clear protection, to provide validated tissue-based immune correlates for clinical translation, and, potentially, to lead to vaccine modifications that would increase the efficacy of CMV- based SIV/HIV vaccines.