Exploring the neurobiological response to anti-drug media messages with fMRI

描述（由申请人提供）：药物滥用是一个主要的公共卫生问题，预防有问题的药物使用的发生已成为公共卫生的优先事项。被归类为高感觉寻求者的人容易滥用药物和其他可能导致不良健康结果的危险行为。感觉寻求是一种基于生物学的人格特征，其特征是倾向于寻找并参与新颖且多样化的体验，以保持最佳的唤醒水平——即使这些体验涉及重大风险。使用为高感觉寻求者量身定制的电视公共服务公告（PSA）的预防计划通过融入吸引和保持观众注意力的新颖性和高感觉价值元素，可以有效地激励行为和态度改变。尽管有针对性的预防活动取得了进展，但影响态度改变的认知和神经生物学机制尚未得到深入探讨。本申请使用最先进的功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 来探索高感觉寻求个体和低感觉寻求个体处理高感觉值 PSA 所涉及的神经生物学系统。这项研究将确定处理 PSA 的神经底物是否与新颖性检测/寻求多巴胺奖励系统重叠，或者神经底物是否与涉及自主唤醒和情绪调节的大脑系统重叠。鉴于青春期是初次吸毒、吸毒频率和滥用行为相当脆弱的时期，本研究包括两个年龄组——青少年和年轻人。 fMRI 是一种理想的技术，可用于探索处理复杂媒体消息（如 PSA）的神经系统，因为它具有非侵入性，并且能够揭示反映大量大脑系统参与的大规模激活模式，而这些大脑系统可能参与复杂的消息处理。不同大脑系统的表征是通过两项常用任务（新颖性检测和情绪诱导）以及感觉值（高和低）和主题内容（药物滥用与安全性行为）不同的 PSA 处理来完成的。本研究中使用的公益广告旨在吸引高感觉寻求者，并且之前已被证明可以影响青少年的态度改变。 PSA 在感觉价值方面有很好的特征。本申请中提出的研究将为产生有关通过抗药物PSA影响态度或行为改变的潜在神经生物学和认知机制的假设提供基础。联合社区、行为和神经生物学研究计划将提供一种进一步识别和提高预防信息有效性的方法。对可能尝试毒品的个体处理反毒品媒体信息所涉及的大脑系统进行表征，可以帮助我们更好地理解未来如何设计预防信息。更好地理解所涉及的神经系统可以带来创造性的方法来激发这些人的态度和行为改变。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Drug abuse is a major public health concern and preventing the onset of problematic drug use has become a public health priority. Individuals classified as high sensation seekers are vulnerable to drug abuse and other risky behaviors that may result in poor health outcomes. Sensation seeking is a biologically based personality trait marked by a tendency to seek out and engage in novel and varied experiences to maintain an optimal level of arousal -- even if those experiences involve significant risk. Prevention programs that use televised public service announcements (PSAs) tailored for high sensation seekers have been effective at motivating behavior and attitude change by incorporating elements of novelty and high sensation value that attract and hold the attention of the viewer. Although progress has been made with targeted prevention campaigns, the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms involved in effecting attitude change have not been addressed in depth. The present application uses state-of-the-art functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the neurobiological systems involved in processing high sensation value PSAs by high and low sensation seeking individuals. This study will determine whether the neural substrates of processing PSAs overlap with the novelty detection / seeking dopamine reward system or whether the neural substrates overlap with brain systems involved in autonomic arousal and emotional regulation. Given that adolescence is a fairly vulnerable period for initial drug use, frequency of use, and development of abuse, the present study includes two age groups -- adolescents and young adults. fMRI is an ideal technique for exploring the neural systems involved in processing complex media messages like PSAs due to its non-invasive nature and capacity to reveal large scale activation patterns that reflect the participation of numerous brain systems, which are likely engaged with complex message processing. The characterization of different brain systems is accomplished with two commonly used tasks - novelty detection and emotional induction - in conjunction with the processing of PSAs that vary in sensation value (high and low) and thematic content (substance abuse versus safe sex). The PSAs used in this study were designed to reach high sensation seekers and have been shown previously to effect attitude change in adolescents. The PSAs are well characterized in terms of sensation value. The research proposed in this application will provide a foundation for generating hypotheses about potential neurobiological and cognitive mechanisms involved in effecting attitude or behavior change through anti-drug PSAs. Uniting community, behavioral, and neurobiological programs of research will provide a means of further identifying and increasing the effectiveness of prevention messages. Characterizing the brain systems involved in processing anti-drug media messages in individuals who are likely to try drugs can lead to a better understanding of how to design prevention messages in the future. A better understanding of the neural systems involved can lead to creative ways to invoke attitude and behavior change in these individuals.