MATERNAL RESPONSIVITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FXS

A.具体目标 有大量且不断增加的证据表明，累积暴露于稳定的、高度反应的 整个幼儿期的育儿方式与儿童在以下方面的各种益处有关 语言、认知、情感和社会发展(Landry，Smith，Miller-Loncar，&Swank，1998；Landry， Smith，Swank，Assel&Vellet，2001；Tamis-Lemonda，Bornstein，&Baumwell，2001)。更近的 实验证据表明，反应能力在儿童社交、情感、 已经报道了沟通和认知能力(Landry，Smith，Swank，Assel和Gunnewig， 2006)。相反，也有大量证据表明，长期暴露在恶劣和/或无反应的环境中 指导性父母教养方式与相同发展领域的次优结果相关 (Hart&Risley，1995；Bates，Pettit，Dodge，&Ridge，1998)。父母的教养方式本身会受到许多因素的影响 变量包括父母的情绪状态(例如，抑郁、压力)、信仰和价值观、母亲 教育水平以及诸如孩子的气质和发展水平等变量(Bornstein， 1995年；Shapiro，Blacher&Lopez，1998)。 我们认为，母亲的责任感是一种动态结构，对最佳育儿方式至关重要 童年早期，甚至可能更久。我们假设，根据理论和大量的 先前的研究表明，母亲责任感的影响是累积的，并持续多年。 母亲的责任感是一个广泛的概念，也是父母整体养育方式的一部分。它可以用来测量 在许多方面，同样可以影响许多方面的发展。此外， 母亲的响应性不一定是固定或稳定的父母属性，而是一种可以变化和 随着时间的推移，各种原因在重要和实质性的方面发生了变化(Landry等人，2001年)。 我们的研究表明，母亲的责任感也可能在幼年儿童的发育中发挥重要作用 脆性X综合征(FXS)儿童。例如，我们发现母亲的责任感预示着孩子 患有FXS的幼儿的语言发育，并在某些方面解释了大量的差异 重要措施。即使在控制了儿童的发展之后，这种关系也非常牢固 水平。下文进度报告部分提出的这一结论和相关调查结果具有重要意义 既是为了了解影响FXS儿童长期结局的环境力量，也是为了了解影响FXS儿童长期结局的环境因素 还有一个原因是，有大量证据表明，母亲的责任感可以通过干预来改变。 该项目关注母亲的责任感/父母教养方式与语言之间的关系， FXS儿童从早期到中期的认知、社交和情绪发展 童年。该项目的三个首要目标是：1)确定是否为产妇以及以何种方式 响应性有助于FXS儿童的语言、认知、社交和情感发展；2) 确定哪些儿童因素在这一时期影响母亲的反应性；以及3)确定如何 随着FXS儿童从童年早期到中期，父母的养育方式，特别是责任感，会发生变化 而且，如果有风格的变化，母亲对这些变化的感知与 儿童的行为和发展。建议的研究直接来自于我们目前的发现 在儿童早期和年内对相同的儿童和家庭队列进行纵向研究 这方面代表了这项工作的合乎逻辑的继续。为了实现这个项目的三个目标，九个 具体目标将在继续我们从儿童早期到 童年中期，55个家庭中有一名FXS儿童。我们已经完成了收集和分析 两次使用此样本收集的数据，并即将完成第三次数据收集 提供资金。我们建议在儿童期中期额外收集两次数据。 这些孩子和他们的母亲。我们的目标和目的直接来自于我们完成的分析 到目前为止。

A. SPECIFIC AIMS There is a substantial and growing body of evidence that cumulative exposure to a stable, highly responsive parenting style throughout the early childhood period is associated with a variety of child benefits in terms of language, cognitive, emotional, and social development (Landry, Smith, Miller-Loncar, & Swank, 1998; Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel & Vellet, 2001; Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, & Baumwell, 2001). More recently experimental evidence of a causal role for responsiveness in terms of growth in child social, emotional, communication and cognitive competence has been reported (Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel, & Gunnewig, 2006). Conversely, there is also substantial evidence that long-term exposure to a harsh and/or unresponsive and directive parenting style is associated with sub-optimal outcomes across the same developmental domains (Hart & Risley, 1995; Bates, Pettit, Dodge, & Ridge, 1998). Parenting style itself can be affected by a number of variables including parental emotional state (e.g., depression, stress), beliefs and values, maternal education level as well as variables such as the child's temperament and developmental level (Bornstein, 1995; Shapiro, Blacher & Lopez, 1998). We view maternal responsivity as a dynamic construct of central importance to optimal parenting during the early childhood years and perhaps beyond. We presume, based on both theory and a substantial amount of previous research that the impact of maternal responsivity is cumulative and plays out over many years. Maternal responsivity is a broad construct and part of a parent's overall parenting style. It can be measured in a number of ways and likewise can influence development along a number of dimensions. Furthermore, maternal responsivity is not necessarily a fixed or stable parent attribute, but instead one that may vary and change for a variety of reasons in important and substantial ways over time (Landry et al., 2001). Our research indicates that maternal responsivity may also play a substantial role in the development of young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). For example, we have found that maternal responsivity predicts child language growth in young children with FXS and accounts for a substantial amount of variance in certain important measures. This relationship is remarkably strong even after controlling for children's developmental level. This and related findings presented in the Progress Report Section below have important implications both for understanding the environmental forces that shaped the long-term outcomes of children with FXS and also because there is substantial evidence that maternal responsivity can be modified via intervention. This project focuses on the relationship between maternal responsivity/parenting style and the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS as the children move from early to middle childhood. The three overarching goals of this project are: 1) to determine whether and in what ways maternal responsivity contributes to the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS; 2) to determine what child factors influence maternal responsivity during this period; and 3) to determine how parenting style, especially responsivity, changes as children with FXS move from early to middle childhood and, if there are style changes, how does the mother's perception of these changes relate to changes in the child's behavior and development. The proposed research grows directly from the findings of our currently funded longitudinal research with the same cohort of children and families during their early childhood and in this respect represents the logical continuation of this work. To achieve the three goals of this project, nine specific aims will be pursued in the course of continuing our longitudinal research from early childhood to middle childhood with 55 families of a child with FXS. We have already completed the collection and analysis of data from two occasions with this sample and are nearing completion of the third data collection with our present funding. We propose to collect data on two additional occasions during the middle childhood period with these children and their mothers. Our goals and aims grow directly from the analyses we have completed to date.