MATERNAL RESPONSIVITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FXS

A. 具体目标 有大量且不断增长的证据表明，累积暴露于稳定、高度敏感的环境中 整个幼儿期的养育方式与各种儿童福利有关 语言、认知、情感和社会发展（Landry、Smith、Miller-Loncar 和 Swank，1998；Landry， 史密斯、斯万克、阿塞尔和维莱特，2001；塔米斯-勒蒙达、伯恩斯坦和鲍姆韦尔，2001）。最近 实验证据表明反应能力对儿童社交、情感、 沟通和认知能力已有报道（Landry、Smith、Swank、Assel 和 Gunnewig， 2006）。相反，也有大量证据表明，长期暴露于严酷和/或反应迟钝的环境中 指导性教养方式与同一发展领域的次优结果相关 （Hart 和 Risley，1995；Bates、Pettit、Dodge 和 Ridge，1998）。教养方式本身会受到许多因素的影响 变量包括父母的情绪状态（例如抑郁、压力）、信仰和价值观、母亲 教育水平以及孩子的气质和发育水平等变量（Bornstein， 1995；夏皮罗、布莱彻和洛佩兹，1998）。 我们认为，母亲的反应是一种动态结构，对于婴儿时期的最佳养育方式至关重要。 童年早期甚至更久。我们假设，基于理论和大量的 先前的研究表明，母亲反应的影响是累积的，并且会持续多年。 母亲的责任感是一个广泛的概念，也是父母整体教养方式的一部分。可以测量为 可以通过多种方式影响多个方面的发展。此外， 母亲的反应不一定是一种固定或稳定的父母属性，而是一种可能变化的属性 随着时间的推移，由于各种原因会发生重要且实质性的变化（Landry 等，2001）。 我们的研究表明，母亲的反应能力也可能在年轻人的发展中发挥重要作用。 患有脆性 X 综合征 (FXS) 的儿童。例如，我们发现母亲的反应程度可以预测孩子的出生 患有 FXS 的幼儿的语言发展会受到影响，并在某些方面造成很大的差异 重要措施。即使在控制了儿童的发育之后，这种关系仍然非常牢固。 水平。这一结果以及下面进度报告部分中提出的相关发现具有重要意义 既为了了解影响 FXS 儿童长期结果的环境力量， 还因为有大量证据表明母亲的反应可以通过干预来改变。 该项目重点关注母亲的责任感/养育方式与语言之间的关系， FXS 儿童从早期到中期的认知、社交和情感发展 童年。该项目的三个总体目标是： 1) 确定母亲是否以及以何种方式 反应能力有助于 FXS 儿童的语言、认知、社交和情感发展； 2） 确定在此期间哪些儿童因素影响母亲的反应； 3) 确定如何 随着患有 FXS 的儿童从童年早期到中期，教养方式（尤其是响应性）会发生变化 如果风格发生变化，母亲对这些变化的看法与风格的变化有何关系？ 孩子的行为和发展。拟议的研究直接源于我们目前的研究结果 资助了对同一组儿童和家庭在幼儿期和成年期的纵向研究 这方面代表了这项工作的逻辑延续。为了实现该项目的三个目标，九 在继续我们从幼儿期到幼儿期的纵向研究过程中，将追求具体目标 童年中期有 55 个家庭，其中一个孩子患有 FXS。我们已经完成了收集和分析 该样本的两次数据收集工作即将完成，我们的第三次数据收集工作即将完成 目前的资金。我们建议在童年中期另外两次收集数据 与这些孩子和他们的母亲。我们的目标和目标直接源自我们已完成的分析 迄今为止。

A. SPECIFIC AIMS There is a substantial and growing body of evidence that cumulative exposure to a stable, highly responsive parenting style throughout the early childhood period is associated with a variety of child benefits in terms of language, cognitive, emotional, and social development (Landry, Smith, Miller-Loncar, & Swank, 1998; Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel & Vellet, 2001; Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, & Baumwell, 2001). More recently experimental evidence of a causal role for responsiveness in terms of growth in child social, emotional, communication and cognitive competence has been reported (Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel, & Gunnewig, 2006). Conversely, there is also substantial evidence that long-term exposure to a harsh and/or unresponsive and directive parenting style is associated with sub-optimal outcomes across the same developmental domains (Hart & Risley, 1995; Bates, Pettit, Dodge, & Ridge, 1998). Parenting style itself can be affected by a number of variables including parental emotional state (e.g., depression, stress), beliefs and values, maternal education level as well as variables such as the child's temperament and developmental level (Bornstein, 1995; Shapiro, Blacher & Lopez, 1998). We view maternal responsivity as a dynamic construct of central importance to optimal parenting during the early childhood years and perhaps beyond. We presume, based on both theory and a substantial amount of previous research that the impact of maternal responsivity is cumulative and plays out over many years. Maternal responsivity is a broad construct and part of a parent's overall parenting style. It can be measured in a number of ways and likewise can influence development along a number of dimensions. Furthermore, maternal responsivity is not necessarily a fixed or stable parent attribute, but instead one that may vary and change for a variety of reasons in important and substantial ways over time (Landry et al., 2001). Our research indicates that maternal responsivity may also play a substantial role in the development of young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). For example, we have found that maternal responsivity predicts child language growth in young children with FXS and accounts for a substantial amount of variance in certain important measures. This relationship is remarkably strong even after controlling for children's developmental level. This and related findings presented in the Progress Report Section below have important implications both for understanding the environmental forces that shaped the long-term outcomes of children with FXS and also because there is substantial evidence that maternal responsivity can be modified via intervention. This project focuses on the relationship between maternal responsivity/parenting style and the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS as the children move from early to middle childhood. The three overarching goals of this project are: 1) to determine whether and in what ways maternal responsivity contributes to the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS; 2) to determine what child factors influence maternal responsivity during this period; and 3) to determine how parenting style, especially responsivity, changes as children with FXS move from early to middle childhood and, if there are style changes, how does the mother's perception of these changes relate to changes in the child's behavior and development. The proposed research grows directly from the findings of our currently funded longitudinal research with the same cohort of children and families during their early childhood and in this respect represents the logical continuation of this work. To achieve the three goals of this project, nine specific aims will be pursued in the course of continuing our longitudinal research from early childhood to middle childhood with 55 families of a child with FXS. We have already completed the collection and analysis of data from two occasions with this sample and are nearing completion of the third data collection with our present funding. We propose to collect data on two additional occasions during the middle childhood period with these children and their mothers. Our goals and aims grow directly from the analyses we have completed to date.