MATERNAL RESPONSIVITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FXS

A.具体目标 有大量和越来越多的证据表明，累积暴露于稳定的，高度敏感的 整个幼儿期的养育方式与各种儿童福利有关， 语言，认知，情感和社会发展（Landry，Smith，Miller-Loncar，& Swank，1998; Landry， Smith，Swank，阿塞尔& Vellet，2001; Tamis-LeMonda，Bornstein，& Baumwell，2001）.最近 实验证据表明，反应性在儿童社会，情感， 已经报道了沟通和认知能力（Landry，Smith，Swank，阿塞尔，& Gunnewig， 2006年）。相反，也有大量证据表明，长期暴露于苛刻和/或无反应的环境中， 而指导式父母教养方式与同一发展领域的次优结果相关 (Hart& Risley，1995; Bates，Pettit，Dodge，& Ridge，1998）.育儿方式本身会受到一些因素的影响 包括父母情绪状态（例如，抑郁症，压力），信仰和价值观，孕产妇 教育水平以及诸如儿童的气质和发展水平等变量（Bornstein， 1995; Shapiro，Blacher &洛佩斯，1998）。 我们认为母亲的反应是一个动态的结构，对最佳的养育方式至关重要， 童年早期甚至更久。我们假设，基于理论和大量的 先前的研究表明，母亲反应的影响是累积的，并在多年内发挥作用。 母亲的反应是一个广泛的结构和父母的整体养育风格的一部分。它可以用 有许多方式，同样也可以影响沿着许多方面的发展。此外，委员会认为， 母亲的反应性不一定是一个固定或稳定的父母属性，而是一个可以变化， 随着时间的推移，由于各种原因以重要和实质性的方式发生变化（Landry等人，2001年）。 我们的研究表明，母亲的反应性也可能在年轻人的发展中发挥重要作用。 脆性X综合征（FXS）例如，我们发现母亲的反应性预测孩子的 FXS幼儿的语言增长，并在某些方面解释了大量的差异。 重要措施。即使在控制了儿童的发展因素之后，这种关系也非常强烈。 水平这一点以及下文进度报告一节中介绍的相关调查结果具有重要意义 既为了了解塑造FXS儿童长期结果的环境力量， 也因为有大量证据表明，母亲的反应可以通过干预来改变。 本研究的重点是母亲的反应性/父母教养方式与语言之间的关系， 随着儿童从早期到中期的发展，FXS儿童的认知、社会和情感发展 童年.该项目的三个首要目标是：1）确定是否以及以何种方式产妇 反应有助于FXS儿童的语言，认知，社会和情感发展; 2） 确定在此期间哪些儿童因素影响母亲的反应性; 3）确定如何 父母的教养方式，特别是反应，随着FXS儿童从早期到中期的变化而变化 如果风格发生变化，母亲对这些变化的看法与风格的变化有何关系 孩子的行为和发展。拟议的研究直接来源于我们目前的研究结果。 资助的纵向研究与同一队列的儿童和家庭在他们的幼儿期和 这方面是这项工作的逻辑延续。为实现本项目的三个目标， 在继续进行从幼儿期到儿童期的纵向研究的过程中， 55个患有FXS的孩子的家庭。我们已经完成了收集和分析 的数据从两个场合与此样本，并接近完成第三次数据收集与我们的 目前的资金。我们建议在童年中期另外两次收集数据 这些孩子和他们的母亲。我们的目标和目的直接来自我们完成的分析 迄今

A. SPECIFIC AIMS There is a substantial and growing body of evidence that cumulative exposure to a stable, highly responsive parenting style throughout the early childhood period is associated with a variety of child benefits in terms of language, cognitive, emotional, and social development (Landry, Smith, Miller-Loncar, & Swank, 1998; Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel & Vellet, 2001; Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, & Baumwell, 2001). More recently experimental evidence of a causal role for responsiveness in terms of growth in child social, emotional, communication and cognitive competence has been reported (Landry, Smith, Swank, Assel, & Gunnewig, 2006). Conversely, there is also substantial evidence that long-term exposure to a harsh and/or unresponsive and directive parenting style is associated with sub-optimal outcomes across the same developmental domains (Hart & Risley, 1995; Bates, Pettit, Dodge, & Ridge, 1998). Parenting style itself can be affected by a number of variables including parental emotional state (e.g., depression, stress), beliefs and values, maternal education level as well as variables such as the child's temperament and developmental level (Bornstein, 1995; Shapiro, Blacher & Lopez, 1998). We view maternal responsivity as a dynamic construct of central importance to optimal parenting during the early childhood years and perhaps beyond. We presume, based on both theory and a substantial amount of previous research that the impact of maternal responsivity is cumulative and plays out over many years. Maternal responsivity is a broad construct and part of a parent's overall parenting style. It can be measured in a number of ways and likewise can influence development along a number of dimensions. Furthermore, maternal responsivity is not necessarily a fixed or stable parent attribute, but instead one that may vary and change for a variety of reasons in important and substantial ways over time (Landry et al., 2001). Our research indicates that maternal responsivity may also play a substantial role in the development of young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). For example, we have found that maternal responsivity predicts child language growth in young children with FXS and accounts for a substantial amount of variance in certain important measures. This relationship is remarkably strong even after controlling for children's developmental level. This and related findings presented in the Progress Report Section below have important implications both for understanding the environmental forces that shaped the long-term outcomes of children with FXS and also because there is substantial evidence that maternal responsivity can be modified via intervention. This project focuses on the relationship between maternal responsivity/parenting style and the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS as the children move from early to middle childhood. The three overarching goals of this project are: 1) to determine whether and in what ways maternal responsivity contributes to the language, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children with FXS; 2) to determine what child factors influence maternal responsivity during this period; and 3) to determine how parenting style, especially responsivity, changes as children with FXS move from early to middle childhood and, if there are style changes, how does the mother's perception of these changes relate to changes in the child's behavior and development. The proposed research grows directly from the findings of our currently funded longitudinal research with the same cohort of children and families during their early childhood and in this respect represents the logical continuation of this work. To achieve the three goals of this project, nine specific aims will be pursued in the course of continuing our longitudinal research from early childhood to middle childhood with 55 families of a child with FXS. We have already completed the collection and analysis of data from two occasions with this sample and are nearing completion of the third data collection with our present funding. We propose to collect data on two additional occasions during the middle childhood period with these children and their mothers. Our goals and aims grow directly from the analyses we have completed to date.