Pivotal Career Decisions Guiding Potential Women Science Faculty

描述（由申请人提供）：自20世纪70年代以来，已经实施了许多计划和干预措施，以鼓励更多的妇女进入科学事业。虽然在某些领域的培训的早期阶段已经实现了与男子的平等，但进展非常不平衡，教授职位的进展最小。虽然有许多因素被认为是造成这一缓慢进展的可能原因，但大多数因素都集中在阻碍专业发展的障碍上。然而，一个同样合理的解释是，越来越多的年轻女性，包括那些来自代表性不足群体的年轻女性，认为自己完全有能力在学术生涯中取得成功，但却选择不去追求它。必须确定长期存在的障碍和积极的职业决策的相对作用。没有任何研究系统地试图确定妇女进入学术科学职业的低比例是由于准备不足、持续的歧视还是年轻妇女主动决定不追求这一职业道路，在拟议的纵向研究中，将使用基于访谈的定性研究方法，通过实现以下具体目标，揭示年轻妇女的职业决策：1）确定年轻女性在生物医学科学中做出职业决定的过程和标准，特别是与学术生涯有关的过程和标准，因为她们从本科进入博士培训，比较女子学院，学院和大学中不同种族的学生具有强大的女性科学（WIS）计划，历史上的黑人学院和大学，以及其他学院和大学; 2）将这些妇女的职业决策过程与这些学校中广泛多样的男子样本以及NIGMS赞助的MARC、RISE、IMSD和PREP方案中的妇女和男子进行比较; 3）比较妇女方案（WIS）和代表性不足的少数民族方案的活动（MARC、RISE、IMSD和PREP）影响学生对学术生涯的看法和兴趣; 4）确定先前显示的主题是否预测可能进入生物医学博士课程的学生在这个更广泛的学生样本中对URM和其他女性以及男性同样适用; 5）确定职业决定的完善在多大程度上可以用社会认知职业理论来解释，重点是性别角色社会化过程如何影响信念、态度和自我概念，而信念、态度和自我概念又反过来影响动机、选择和行为，特别是对妇女而言。这项研究将扩大和补充NIGMS少数民族学生发展计划支持的学生正在进行的类似问题的研究。总之，他们将提供青年科学家的职业决策过程，以及如何干预和支持环境影响他们的决定无与伦比的理解。公共卫生相关性：进入大学的年轻女性中对科学感兴趣的人数和比例稳步上升;进入和完成生物医学博士课程的人数现在往往超过男性。然而，她们进入教师职位，发挥自己的才能，特别是作为未来几代学生的榜样和导师，仍然远远落后于男子。妇女在决定研究优先事项和研究方法方面的独特观点也至关重要。因此，至关重要的是要充分了解人才流失的原因以及对他们的科学和专业发展的投资。拟议的研究将研究这一问题的一个方面，即年轻女科学家的决策过程，以确定必须采取哪些不同的做法，以提高她们的参与度、成功率和在大学生命科学系中担任领导职务。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Since the 1970s, many programs and interventions have been implemented to encourage more women to enter science careers. While parity with men has been achieved in the early stages of training for some fields, progress has been very uneven, with the least progress being made in the professorate. Although many factors have been proposed as likely contributors to this slow progress, most focus on barriers preventing professional advancement. However, an equally plausible explanation is that a steadily rising number and fraction of young women, including those from underrepresented groups, see themselves as perfectly capable of succeeding in an academic career, but are choosing not to pursue it. In order to design interventions to support and promote the rise of women in academic science careers, it is essential that the relative contributions of persistent barriers and active career decision-making be determined. No studies have systematically attempted to determine if the low rate of progression of women into academic science careers is due to inadequate preparation, persistent discrimination, or active decisions of young women not to pursue this career path. In the proposed longitudinal study, interview-based qualitative research methods will be use to reveal the career decision-making of young women by accomplishing the following Specific Aims: 1) Determine the processes and criteria young women are using to make career decisions in the biomedical sciences, especially related to academic careers, as they progress from undergraduate into PhD training, comparing students with different ethnicities in women's colleges, colleges and universities with strong Women in Science (WIS) programs, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and other colleges and universities; 2) Compare the career decision-making processes of these women with a broad and diverse sample of men in these schools, and women and men in NIGMS-sponsored MARC, RISE, IMSD and PREP programs; 3) Compare how activities of programs for women (WIS) and those for underrepresented minorities (MARC, RISE, IMSD and PREP) influence students' perceptions of and interest in academic careers; 4) Determine if themes previously shown to predict students likely to enter biomedical PhD programs hold equally for URM and other women, and men, in this broader sample of students; 5) Determine the degree to which refinement of career decisions can be explained by Social Cognitive Career Theory, with a focus on how sex role socialization processes affect beliefs, attitudes and self concepts which in turn affect motivation, choices and behaviors especially for women. This research will expand and complement an ongoing study of similar questions in students supported by NIGMS minority student development programs. Together, they will provide an unparalleled understanding of the career decision-making processes of young scientists and how interventions and supportive environments affect their decisions. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: A steadily rising number and fraction of young women enter college with an interest in science; the number entering and completing biomedical PhD programs now often outnumber men. Yet, their progression into faculty positions that utilize their talents, especially as role models and mentors for future generations of students, continues to lag far behind men. The unique perspectives of women in deciding upon priorities for research and approaches to research are also essential. Thus, it is critically important to fully understand the basis for this loss of talent and the investment in their scientific and professional development. The proposed research will study one aspect of this problem, the decision-making processes of young female scientists, to determine what has to be done differently to increase their participation, success and rise to leadership positions among university life science faculty.