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Brain and behavior in individuals with intersex conditions

双性人的大脑和行为

基本信息

批准号：
9540059
负责人：
Melissa Hines
金额：
$ 38.07万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2015-08-14 至 2021-05-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9540059
关键词：
Adrenal Glands Adrenal hyperplasia 2 Affect Age Alzheimer&apos s Disease Amygdaloid structure Androgens Animal Experimentation Area Basal Ganglia Behavior Behavior Disorders Behavioral Birth Brain Brain Injuries Brain Mapping Brain imaging Brain region California Cell Survival Cerebellum Cerebrum Characteristics Clinical Clinical Management Clinical Research Communities Complete Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome Conduct Disorder Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Data Development Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Disease Empathy Endocrine Disruptors Estradiol Ethics Exposure to Eye Female Foundations Gender Genetic Diseases Globus Pallidus Glucocorticoids Hippocampus (Brain)Hormones Human Human Development Image Image Analysis Imaging Techniques Imaging technology Impaired cognition Individual Intersex Intervention Life Limbic System Link Location Los Angeles Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mammals Maps Medical Mental Depression Mental disorders Motor Multimodal Imaging Nature Neonatal Neurites Parietal Parkinson Disease Participant Patients Physical aggression Play Population Pregnancy Prevention Psyche structure Reporting Research Research Infrastructure Resolution Resources Rodent Role Rotation Sex Characteristics Shapes Structure Suggestion Sum Syndrome Techniques Testosterone Thick Time Universities Woman Work androgenic base behavior measurement behavioral outcome brain behavior brain shape critical period design environmental agent experience imaging approach improved indexing male men nervous system disorder neurochemistry neuroimaging neuromechanism offspring prenatal prenatal exposure prenatal influence prevent programs public health relevance putamen rare condition sex sex development disorder tool

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Studies of non-human mammals show that androgens, particularly testosterone (T), during early development play a major role in sexual differentiation of the brain, with long-term consequences for behavior. Research on clinical populations suggests that prenatal T exposure has similar effects in humans, increasing male-typical behavior and reducing female-typical behavior. Almost nothing is known, however, about the impact of early T exposure on the structure of the human brain. In addition, the brain mechanisms underlying T-related behavioral changes are unknown. This project will study brain structure and behavior in individuals with one of two disorders of sex development (DSD, also called intersex conditions) that are characterized by androgen abnormality beginning prenatally: 1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which causes overproduction of adrenal androgens; and 2. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), which involves an inability to respond to androgens, and so an effective lack of androgen exposure. CAH affects both males and females, and 35 men and 35 women with CAH will be compared to 35 male and 35 female controls. Individuals with CAIS are XY females, and 35 females with CAIS will be compared to 35 male and 35 female controls. State-of- the-art imaging technology will be used to map brain structure. Also, aspects of behavior, known to show substantial sex differences, and for which there is evidence of a relationship to prenatal T exposure, will be assessed. Specifically, these are mental rotation ability, targeting ability, and propensities to physical aggression (where men score higher than women), and verbal fluency, fine motor ability and empathy (where women score higher than men). The information obtained will provide convergent evidence regarding the influence of T on human brain and behavior. Convergent evidence is important because ethical considerations preclude experimental manipulations of T during early human development. Instead, naturally occurring conditions that involve T excess or deficiency will be studied. Each condition involves consequences in addition to T abnormality. Therefore, confidence that testosterone caused any brain or behavior differences is strengthened when data from both conditions suggest this conclusion. For instance, prior research indicates that, with respect to physical aggression, men score higher than women, and females with CAH score higher than other females. If XY females with CAIS resemble women rather than men in regard to physical aggression, confidence that T is the responsible agent will be increased. The information obtained will enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation of human brain and behavior, and so will be relevant to the many psychological disorders that differ by sex. It will also be relevant to clinical management of individuals who have experienced T abnormality before birth, for any of several reasons, including genetic disorders, such as CAH or CAIS, or other disorders of sex development, maternal treatment with hormones during pregnancy, or contact with environmental endocrine disruptors.