Capturing Control Dynamics Via Eye-Movements: General and Age-Comparative Analyse

通过眼球运动捕捉控制动态：一般分析和年龄比较分析

• 批准号: 9088249
• 负责人: ULRICH E MAYR
• 金额: $ 23.9万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF OREGON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-01 至 2018-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9088249
• 关键词: Address; Adopted; Adult; Affect; Age; Aging; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Behavioral; Chronic; Clinical; Cognitive; Cognitive aging; Complex; Conflict (Psychology); Controlled Study; Coupled; Cues; Diagnosis; Disease; Elderly; Environment; Event; Eye; Eye Movements; Goals; Health; Healthcare; Individual; Interruption; Intervention; Link; Longevity; Maintenance; Methods; Modeling; Nature; Outcome; Pattern; Perception; Performance; Preparation; Procedures; Process; Property; Research; Research Personnel; Resolution; Role; Schizophrenia; Shapes; Societies; Stimulus; Stream; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Update; Work; age difference; age related; attentional control; base; cognitive control; cognitive system; comparative; cost; depressive symptoms; design; digital; digital media; experience; flexibility; improved; interest; multitask; normal aging; operation; response; sample fixation; theories; thought control; tool; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cognitive control over perception, thought, and action allows us to stay on task by keeping irrelevant information at bay. Whether control is successful or not largely depends on its dynamic properties. It needs to respond promptly to upcoming challenges, such as the need for flexible change, or to critical triggering events, such as the experience of conflict, but it also needs to be able to profit from past control events. Deficits i dynamic control are linked to prevalent clinical disorders, including attention deficit/hyperactiviy disorder, schizophrenia, or depressive symptoms. Moreover, control dynamics change across the adult life span in ways that are not well understood and that become particularly relevant in multi-tasking situations. In order to fully understand both intact and deficient control we need to track how the dynamics of control actually unfold over time. One central claim of this application is that eye tracking combined with adequate experimental paradigms and analytic techniques can provide dynamic information with the necessary precision. With these analytic tools, we examine here the general hypothesis that local control dynamics are profoundly affected global control settings. Specifically, we propose that control operates either in a maintenance mode, emphasizing stable behavioral patterns, or in an updating mode, emphasizing flexible change. Furthermore, we hypothesize that older adults' specific difficulties in multi-tasking situations arise from on overuse of the updating mode, which in turn has pervasive "down-stream" effects on local control phenomena. Using our eye-tracking based analytic tools; we test these general hypotheses in three different ways. First, we look at the precise short-term and longer-term temporal dynamics of adopting attentional settings and how these dynamics change as a function of control modes and age. Second, we examine for the first time how exactly interruptions affect cognitive activity in young and old adults. Third, we use eye-movements to directly assess when individuals engage in updating, thus allowing us to determine both antecedents and consequences of updating operations, as well as why older adults often dramatically over-engage in updating. Thus, this work addresses substantive questions about flexible control of thought and action and about the nature of age differences therein, but also brings a new set of methodological tools to the study of control. These tools will substantially enhance the precision with which researchers can capture the dynamic nature of control. Multitasking and interruptions are an omnipresent reality in the way we use modern digital media. Difficulties with multitasking in older adults contribute to the emerging digital divide, potentially constraining seniors' societal participation or access to important health-care tools. The information gained in this project will be useful for the design of multi-task environments or targeted training procedures.

描述(由申请者提供)：对感知、思维和行动的认知控制使我们能够通过屏蔽不相关的信息来完成任务。控制的成功与否在很大程度上取决于其动态特性。它需要迅速应对即将到来的挑战，如需要灵活变革，或应对关键的触发事件，如冲突的经历，但它还需要能够从过去的控制事件中获利。动态控制缺陷与普遍的临床疾病有关，包括注意力缺陷/多动障碍、精神分裂症或抑郁症状。此外，在成年人一生中，控制动态会以一种不被很好理解的方式发生变化，这种变化在多任务情况下变得特别相关。为了充分理解完整控制和缺陷控制，我们需要 跟踪控制的动态如何随着时间的推移而实际展开。这一应用的一个核心主张是，眼球跟踪与适当的实验范例和分析技术相结合，可以提供必要精度的动态信息。使用这些分析工具，我们在这里检验了局部控制动态深刻影响全局控制设置的一般假设。具体地说，我们提出控制要么在维护模式下运行，强调稳定的行为模式，要么在更新模式下运行，强调灵活变化。此外，我们假设，老年人在多任务情境中的特殊困难源于对更新模式的过度使用，这反过来又对局部控制现象产生了普遍的“下游”效应。使用我们基于眼球跟踪的分析工具，我们以三种不同的方式测试这些一般假设。首先，我们考察了采用注意环境的精确的短期和长期时间动态，以及这些动态如何随着控制模式和年龄的变化而变化。其次，我们首次研究了干扰究竟如何影响年轻人和老年人的认知活动。第三，我们使用眼球运动来直接评估个人何时参与更新，从而使我们能够确定更新操作的前因和结果，以及为什么老年人经常大幅过度参与更新。因此，这项工作解决了关于思想和行为的灵活控制以及其中年龄差异的性质的实质性问题，但也为控制研究带来了一套新的方法论工具。这些工具将大大提高研究人员捕捉控制的动态本质的精确度。在我们使用现代数字媒体的方式中，多任务和中断是无处不在的现实。老年人同时处理多项任务的困难加剧了新出现的数字鸿沟，潜在地限制了老年人的社会参与或获得重要的医疗保健工具。从这个项目中获得的信息将有助于设计多任务环境或有针对性的培训程序。