Adaptations to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pre-Pandemic Continuity and Changes in Emotional Well-Being

摘要 新冠肺炎大流行相关的压力源已经改变了美国人的日常生活，但对 情绪幸福感不能从现有的研究中确定，因为大多数研究要么使用了交叉 节段性设计或以纵向设计为基础，仅限于短时随访 大流行。与流行病有关的外部压力因素，如经济困难、工作需求、社会压力 疏远和健康担忧可能威胁到福祉，但前瞻性的大流行前措施对于 建立情绪幸福感轨迹的异质性。这项研究将纵向评估 托莱多青少年关系研究中成年人情绪幸福感轨迹的异质性 (TARS)-一项基于人口的前瞻性研究，采访了来自不同种族/民族的成年人 跨越二十年的青春期到成年期。这些数据包括六次大流行前的采访，一次 大流行采访，目前正在外地进行大流行高峰后的采访(2022年夏季)。 使用生命过程视角和压力过程模型来框定期望，我们将评估程度 与大流行相关的压力源和预期的大流行前的优势和脆弱性 大流行期间的情绪幸福感，并可能延续到大流行后影响情绪幸福感。 研究结果将具有重大意义，因为它能够解决与流行病相关的压力如何影响个体的情绪 并将提供关于哪些人在哪些情况下更有可能更贫穷的见解- 存在和不利的后果。了解对大流行反应的差异对以下方面有影响 为当前和未来的公共卫生危机制定潜在的精神卫生干预措施。工作假说 与流行病相关的压力源对情绪幸福感有负面影响；然而在反应上存在异质性 面对这些挑战，一些成年人会表现出韧性。一些潜在的轨迹组可能包括 (目标1)：情绪幸福感不随时间变化(稳定)，低影响(稳定)，适度影响(稳定) 在大流行期间增加(不稳定)，随着时间的推移高影响(稳定)。预期数据，跨越两个 几十年，对于建立不同的群体和估计谁面临更大的风险是创新和必要的 处于更高的苦恼组。使用固定效果和轨迹建模，我们将评估以下方面的效果差异 人口因素(例如，性别、父母身份)和流行病压力源(目标2)。我们将深入开展 电话采访种族/族裔多样化的成年人，我们以前在大流行期间采访过他们； 其基本原理是确定对与油井递减和弹性相关的因素的主观理解。 存在(目标2)。个人适应的程度取决于他们面临严重流行病的程度- 不仅是相关的压力源，而且还有更广泛的生活背景和以前的优势和弱点。北欧州立大学 通过丰富学生在该项目所有阶段的经验，研究环境将得到改善。 该项目提供了一个独特和适时的机会来研究大流行如何重塑人们的生活。

ABSTRACT COVID-19 pandemic-related stressors have altered Americans’ daily lives, but variation in the effects on emotional well-being cannot be determined from existing studies because most studies either have used cross- sectional designs or are based on longitudinal designs that are limited to short duration follow-ups post-height of the pandemic. Pandemic-related external stressors, such as economic hardships, job demands, social distancing, and health concerns can threaten well-being, but prospective pre-pandemic measures are critical to establishing heterogeneity in trajectories of emotional well-being. This study will longitudinally assess heterogeneity in trajectories of emotional well-being among adults in the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) - a prospective population-based study that interviewed racially/ethnically diverse adults from adolescence into adulthood over a twenty-year span. The data include six pre-pandemic interviews, one pandemic interview, and are currently in the field for a post-height of the pandemic interview (Summer 2022). Using the life course perspective and the stress process model to frame expectations, we will assess the extent to which pandemic-related stressors and prospective pre-pandemic strengths and vulnerabilities shaped emotional well-being during the pandemic and may carry over to affect emotional well-being post-pandemic. Findings will be significant by addressing how pandemic-related stressors have affected individuals’ emotional well-being and will provide insights regarding which individuals in which contexts are most at risk for poorer well- being and adverse outcomes. Understanding variation in responses to the pandemic has implications for developing potential mental health interventions for this and future public health crises. The working hypothesis is that pandemic-related stressors negatively affect emotional well-being; yet there is heterogeneity in responses to these challenges, and some adults will demonstrate resilience. Some potential trajectory groups may include (aim 1): no changes in emotional well-being over time (stable), low effects over time (stable), moderate effects increasing during the pandemic (unstable), and high effects over time (stable). Prospective data, spanning two decades, are innovative and necessary for establishing distinct groups and estimating who face greater risk of being in a higher distress group. Using fixed-effects and trajectory modeling, we will assess how effects differ by demographic factors (e.g., gender, parenthood status) and pandemic-stressors (aim 2). We will conduct in-depth phone interviews with racially/ethnically diverse adults whom we previously interviewed during the pandemic; the rationale is to identify subjective understandings of factors associated with declines and resilience in well- being (aim 2). The extent to which individuals adapt depends on the degree to which they face severe pandemic- related stressors, but also the broader context of their lives and prior strengths and vulnerabilities. The BGSU research environment will be enhanced by enriching the experiences of students in all phases of this project. The project provides a unique and timed opportunity to examine how the pandemic has reshaped lives.