Adaptations to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pre-Pandemic Continuity and Changes in Emotional Well-Being

摘要 COVID-19大流行相关的压力因素改变了美国人的日常生活，但对 情感幸福不能从现有的研究中确定，因为大多数研究要么使用了交叉， 分段设计或基于纵向设计，仅限于身高后的短期随访 大流行病与大流行病有关的外部压力因素，如经济困难、工作需求、社会 远离和健康问题可能威胁到福祉，但前瞻性的大流行前措施至关重要， 在情感幸福的轨迹中建立异质性。本研究将纵向评估 托莱多青少年关系研究中成年人情感幸福轨迹的异质性 （TARS）-一项前瞻性的基于人群的研究，采访了来自不同种族/民族的成年人， 从青春期到成年期长达二十年。这些数据包括六次大流行前的采访，一次 大流行采访，目前正在现场进行大流行采访后的高度（2022年夏季）。 使用生命历程的视角和压力过程模型来构建期望，我们将评估 与大流行有关的压力因素和大流行前的预期优势和脆弱性 大流行期间的情绪健康，并可能继续影响大流行后的情绪健康。 研究结果将通过解决与流行病相关的压力如何影响个人的情绪， 幸福，并将提供关于哪些人在哪些情况下最有可能变差的见解， 存在和不利的结果。了解对大流行病的反应的差异对以下方面有影响： 为当前和未来的公共卫生危机制定潜在的心理健康干预措施。工作假设 与流行病相关的压力源对情绪健康产生负面影响;但反应存在异质性 面对这些挑战，一些成年人将表现出韧性。一些潜在的轨迹组可以包括 (aim 1）：随着时间的推移，情绪健康没有变化（稳定），随着时间的推移，低影响（稳定），中等影响 在大流行期间增加（不稳定），随着时间的推移影响很大（稳定）。前瞻性数据，跨越两个 几十年来，对于建立不同的群体和估计谁面临更大的风险是创新和必要的。 在一个更高的痛苦组。使用固定效应和轨迹模型，我们将评估不同的影响， 人口因素（例如，性别、父母身份）和流行病压力因素（目标2）。深入开展 电话采访了我们在大流行期间采访过的种族/族裔多样化的成年人; 其基本原理是确定对与油井产量下降和恢复力有关的因素的主观理解， 目标2（Aim 2）个人适应的程度取决于他们面对严重流行病的程度- 这不仅与相关的压力源有关，而且与他们生活的更广泛背景以及先前的优势和脆弱性有关。手机赌博app 通过丰富学生在本项目各个阶段的经验，将改善研究环境。 该项目提供了一个独特和及时的机会，以研究大流行病如何重塑生活。

ABSTRACT COVID-19 pandemic-related stressors have altered Americans’ daily lives, but variation in the effects on emotional well-being cannot be determined from existing studies because most studies either have used cross- sectional designs or are based on longitudinal designs that are limited to short duration follow-ups post-height of the pandemic. Pandemic-related external stressors, such as economic hardships, job demands, social distancing, and health concerns can threaten well-being, but prospective pre-pandemic measures are critical to establishing heterogeneity in trajectories of emotional well-being. This study will longitudinally assess heterogeneity in trajectories of emotional well-being among adults in the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) - a prospective population-based study that interviewed racially/ethnically diverse adults from adolescence into adulthood over a twenty-year span. The data include six pre-pandemic interviews, one pandemic interview, and are currently in the field for a post-height of the pandemic interview (Summer 2022). Using the life course perspective and the stress process model to frame expectations, we will assess the extent to which pandemic-related stressors and prospective pre-pandemic strengths and vulnerabilities shaped emotional well-being during the pandemic and may carry over to affect emotional well-being post-pandemic. Findings will be significant by addressing how pandemic-related stressors have affected individuals’ emotional well-being and will provide insights regarding which individuals in which contexts are most at risk for poorer well- being and adverse outcomes. Understanding variation in responses to the pandemic has implications for developing potential mental health interventions for this and future public health crises. The working hypothesis is that pandemic-related stressors negatively affect emotional well-being; yet there is heterogeneity in responses to these challenges, and some adults will demonstrate resilience. Some potential trajectory groups may include (aim 1): no changes in emotional well-being over time (stable), low effects over time (stable), moderate effects increasing during the pandemic (unstable), and high effects over time (stable). Prospective data, spanning two decades, are innovative and necessary for establishing distinct groups and estimating who face greater risk of being in a higher distress group. Using fixed-effects and trajectory modeling, we will assess how effects differ by demographic factors (e.g., gender, parenthood status) and pandemic-stressors (aim 2). We will conduct in-depth phone interviews with racially/ethnically diverse adults whom we previously interviewed during the pandemic; the rationale is to identify subjective understandings of factors associated with declines and resilience in well- being (aim 2). The extent to which individuals adapt depends on the degree to which they face severe pandemic- related stressors, but also the broader context of their lives and prior strengths and vulnerabilities. The BGSU research environment will be enhanced by enriching the experiences of students in all phases of this project. The project provides a unique and timed opportunity to examine how the pandemic has reshaped lives.