Examining the Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of Facebook Food Advertisements on Adolescents' Eating Behaviors: Randomized Controlled Trials

项目摘要 青春期不良饮食和超重预示着超重和青春期饮食相关癌症 然而，关于导致青少年体重增加的风险因素的研究很少。这个 美国国家医学研究院发现，接触食品广告(ADS)是不良饮食的主要预测因素 在儿童(12岁)中，因为研究表明，接触食品广告的儿童 与接触非食品广告的儿童相比，他们摄入的卡路里更多。为数不多的食品广告研究 包括13-17岁的青少年，发现自我报告的电视(电视)接触之间存在关联 食品广告和不良饮食，但我们不知道是什么机制解释了这种关系。它的历史也很悠久。 食品公司更多地向黑人消费者推销他们最不健康的产品，而不是白人消费者 把黑人青年视为潮流引领者。但不知道看到种族一致的广告(即，该人 在广告中和观众是相同的种族)使黑人青少年比白人更容易饮食不良。 最后，大多数食品广告研究都是基于电视广告，但食品公司越来越多地瞄准青少年 在社交媒体上。而且，目前还没有社交媒体食品广告研究聚焦于针对种族的广告。解决这些问题 差距很重要，因为青春期是养成营养饮食习惯的关键时期，这可能会阻止 未来与饮食有关的癌症。我们三项研究的总体目标是确定接触到 Facebook食品广告增加了黑人和白人青少年购买和消费的卡路里数量。 在强劲的初步数据的指导下，我们将测试三个目标：1)评估接触种族因素的程度 Facebook上一致与不一致的食物广告导致黑人青少年与白人青少年购买更多的卡路里 零食；2)确定在多大程度上暴露在Facebook上的食品广告上，而不是在很少的“赞”上导致黑人和 白人青少年购买更多卡路里作为零食；以及3)测试视觉注意力的程度 不健康的食物，种族一致的人，和/或Facebook广告中的“赞”解释了广告之间的关系 暴露和卡路里摄入量。为了解决第一个和第二个目标，我们将进行两个随机在线 实验。在第三个目标下，我们将使用眼球跟踪技术进行受试者内部的实验室研究。我们 假设接触种族一致的Facebook食品广告会增加卡路里数量 由青少年购买和消费。我们还预测，照顾黑人的黑人青少年 在食品方面，广告会比那些关注其他广告功能的人消耗更多的卡路里。这项创新工作将 检查实际购买情况和卡路里摄入量；使用新工具(例如，Facebook“Reaction”按钮)检查广告 首选项；并使用最先进的眼睛跟踪计算机和谨慎的摄像头。拟议的研究 将增加我们对影响青少年饮食行为的沟通工具的机械知识，并 可以为旨在利用有效的广告技术改善青少年饮食的癌症预防干预措施提供信息。

Project Summary Poor diet and excess weight during adolescence predicts excess weight and diet-related cancers during adulthood, yet there is little research on the risk factors that contribute to weight gain among adolescents. The National Academy of Medicine identifies exposure to food advertisements (ads) as a major predictor of poor diet among children (<12 years of age) because studies have shown that children who are exposed to food ads consume more calories than children who are exposed to non-food ads. The few food ad studies that have included adolescents (13–17 years of age) found associations between self-reported exposure to television (TV) food ads and poor diet, but we do not know which mechanisms explain this relationship. It is also well established that food companies promote their least healthy products to Black consumers more than White consumers and perceive Black youth as trendsetters. But it is not known whether seeing racially congruent ads (i.e., the person in the ad and the viewer are the same race) places Black adolescents at higher risk of poor diet relative to Whites. Finally, most food ad research is based on TV ads, but food companies are increasingly targeting adolescents on social media. And no social media food ad studies have focused on racially targeted ads. Addressing these gaps is important because adolescence is a critical period for adopting nutritious eating habits that can prevent future diet-related cancers. The overall objective of our three studies is to identify the extent to which exposure to Facebook food ads increases the number of calories purchased and consumed by Black and White adolescents. Guided by strong preliminary data, we will test three aims: 1) To evaluate the extent to which exposure to racially congruent vs. incongruent Facebook food ads causes Black vs. White adolescents to purchase more calories for a snack; 2) To determine the extent to which exposure to many vs. few “likes” on Facebook food ads causes Black and White adolescents to purchase more calories for a snack; and 3) To test the degree to which visual attention to unhealthy foods, racially congruent people, and/or “likes” in Facebook ads explains the relationship between ad exposure and calorie intake. To address the first and second aims, we will conduct two randomized online experiments. Under the third aim, we will conduct a within-subjects lab study using eye-tracking technology. We hypothesize that exposure to racially congruent Facebook food ads will increase the number of calories purchased and consumed by adolescents. We also predict that Black adolescents who attend to Black people in food ads will consume more calories than those who attend to other ad features. This innovative work will examine actual purchases and caloric intake; use novel tools (e.g., Facebook “reaction” buttons) to examine ad preferences; and use a state-of-the-art eye-tracking computer with discreet cameras. The proposed research will increase our mechanistic knowledge of communication tools that influence adolescents' dietary behaviors and could inform cancer prevention interventions that aim to improve adolescents' diets using effective ad techniques.