Examining the Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of Facebook Food Advertisements on Adolescents' Eating Behaviors: Randomized Controlled Trials

项目摘要 青春期饮食不良和超重可预测青春期超重和饮食相关癌症 成年后体重增加，但对青少年体重增加的风险因素研究甚少。的 美国国家医学研究院认为，接触食品广告是不良饮食的主要预测因素。 因为研究表明，接触食品广告的儿童 比那些接触非食品广告的孩子消耗更多的卡路里。为数不多的食品广告研究 包括青少年（13-17岁）发现自我报告接触电视（TV） 食品广告和不良饮食，但我们不知道是什么机制解释这种关系。它也是公认的 食品公司向黑人消费者推销他们最不健康的产品比向白色消费者推销的要多， 把黑人青年视为潮流的引领者。但目前还不知道是否看到种族一致的广告（即，人 在广告和观众是同一种族）的地方黑人青少年在更高的风险，不良饮食相对于白人。 最后，大多数食品广告研究是基于电视广告，但食品公司越来越多地针对青少年 在社交媒体上没有社交媒体食品广告研究关注种族定向广告。解决这些 gap很重要，因为青春期是养成营养饮食习惯的关键时期， 与饮食有关的癌症我们三项研究的总体目标是确定暴露于 Facebook食品广告增加了黑人和白色青少年购买和消耗的卡路里数量。 在强有力的初步数据的指导下，我们将测试三个目标：1）评估暴露于种族歧视的程度， 一致与不一致的Facebook食品广告导致黑人与白色青少年购买更多的卡路里， 零食; 2）为了确定在Facebook食品广告上接触许多与很少的“喜欢”的程度， 白色青少年购买更多的热量零食;和3）测试视觉注意力的程度， 不健康的食物，种族一致的人，和/或Facebook广告中的“喜欢”解释了广告之间的关系， 暴露和卡路里摄入量。为了实现第一个和第二个目标，我们将在网上进行两次随机 实验在第三个目标下，我们将使用眼动追踪技术进行受试者内实验室研究。我们 假设接触种族一致的Facebook食品广告会增加卡路里的数量 被青少年购买和消费。我们还预测，照顾黑人的黑人青少年 在食品广告将消耗更多的热量比那些谁参加其他广告功能。这项创新工作将 检查实际购买和热量摄入;使用新的工具（例如，Facebook的“反应”按钮）来检查广告 偏好;并使用最先进的眼睛跟踪计算机与谨慎的相机。拟议研究 将增加我们对影响青少年饮食行为的交流工具的机械知识， 可以为癌症预防干预提供信息，这些干预旨在使用有效的广告技术改善青少年的饮食。

Project Summary Poor diet and excess weight during adolescence predicts excess weight and diet-related cancers during adulthood, yet there is little research on the risk factors that contribute to weight gain among adolescents. The National Academy of Medicine identifies exposure to food advertisements (ads) as a major predictor of poor diet among children (<12 years of age) because studies have shown that children who are exposed to food ads consume more calories than children who are exposed to non-food ads. The few food ad studies that have included adolescents (13–17 years of age) found associations between self-reported exposure to television (TV) food ads and poor diet, but we do not know which mechanisms explain this relationship. It is also well established that food companies promote their least healthy products to Black consumers more than White consumers and perceive Black youth as trendsetters. But it is not known whether seeing racially congruent ads (i.e., the person in the ad and the viewer are the same race) places Black adolescents at higher risk of poor diet relative to Whites. Finally, most food ad research is based on TV ads, but food companies are increasingly targeting adolescents on social media. And no social media food ad studies have focused on racially targeted ads. Addressing these gaps is important because adolescence is a critical period for adopting nutritious eating habits that can prevent future diet-related cancers. The overall objective of our three studies is to identify the extent to which exposure to Facebook food ads increases the number of calories purchased and consumed by Black and White adolescents. Guided by strong preliminary data, we will test three aims: 1) To evaluate the extent to which exposure to racially congruent vs. incongruent Facebook food ads causes Black vs. White adolescents to purchase more calories for a snack; 2) To determine the extent to which exposure to many vs. few “likes” on Facebook food ads causes Black and White adolescents to purchase more calories for a snack; and 3) To test the degree to which visual attention to unhealthy foods, racially congruent people, and/or “likes” in Facebook ads explains the relationship between ad exposure and calorie intake. To address the first and second aims, we will conduct two randomized online experiments. Under the third aim, we will conduct a within-subjects lab study using eye-tracking technology. We hypothesize that exposure to racially congruent Facebook food ads will increase the number of calories purchased and consumed by adolescents. We also predict that Black adolescents who attend to Black people in food ads will consume more calories than those who attend to other ad features. This innovative work will examine actual purchases and caloric intake; use novel tools (e.g., Facebook “reaction” buttons) to examine ad preferences; and use a state-of-the-art eye-tracking computer with discreet cameras. The proposed research will increase our mechanistic knowledge of communication tools that influence adolescents' dietary behaviors and could inform cancer prevention interventions that aim to improve adolescents' diets using effective ad techniques.