Understanding Adolescent In-Vivo Exposure to Alcohol Content in the Media

摘要 开始饮酒通常发生在法律的饮酒年龄之前，这与早期使用一样令人担忧。 与短期和长期不良结局相关，包括急性和长期神经生物学效应。 对青年来说，媒体是了解酒精的主要来源。娱乐媒体经常 具有酒精的图像和参考，将酒精使用与社交，性和财务联系起来 成功，很少描述饮酒的危害。此外，酒精含量很容易通过新的 （数字）媒体平台，如社交媒体和YouTube，具有高度互动性，允许用户 通过交换和操纵信息进行接触。青少年是媒体的高消费者 随着智能手机和平板电脑的普及，年轻人可以随时随地按需访问 介质酒精含量。然而，实际上没有关于在体内暴露于这样的内容物的信息， 频率/持续时间、介质/格式和上下文。研究目标1将量化和表征体内暴露于 娱乐媒体（电影，电视，流行音乐）和新媒体（社交媒体，YouTube， 因特网、视频游戏）。目标2将检查体内暴露于 酒精媒体内容和酒精使用在短期和长期的时间框架和目标3将确定 这种关联的机制;探索性的目的将测试这些关联的适度，通过关键个人 和背景风险因素。病因学研究指出了几种认知和社会机制， 体内媒体酒精暴露与饮酒之间的关联，包括感知规范、认知 （期望，饮酒者原型），身份和态度（可接受性，评价条件）。使用3波 测量突发设计，300名15-18岁的青少年将完成为期3周的生态瞬时评估 (EMA)使用智能手机应用程序的协议。参与者将被要求提供事件级别的信息， 遇到酒精含量，如果可能的话，上传屏幕截图，照片或文字描述的曝光。 事件调查与随机提示的EMA调查以及每周评估酒精的调查配对 在每次爆发前进行更长时间的调查，以衡量风险因素和媒体利用率。现有媒体 干预计划不具备处理新媒体的能力，未能针对青少年，一个可以说是 最需要干预，并且不针对媒体，因为它是在便携式设备上体内经历的。好吧- 需要像这样的粒度生态研究来塑造即时（JiT）干预的内容， 为提供干预措施的最佳时机提供信息，目标是减少未成年人饮酒。 在目标4中，由一个参与者子集（n=48）组成的焦点小组将提供对感知影响的理解 酒精相关的媒体内容对行为和认知的影响，为干预措施的制定提供信息。这个项目 使用及时的生态方法来回答媒体酒精含量如何升高的基本问题 未成年人饮酒的风险，以最佳方式告知预防性媒体素养干预研究的下一步。

ABSTRACT Initiation of alcohol use typically occurs well before the legal drinking age, which is concerning as early use is associated with short and long-term adverse outcomes including acute and prolonged neurobiological effects. For youth, the media constitutes a primary source of learning about alcohol. Entertainment media frequently features images of and references to alcohol, associating alcohol use with social, sexual, and financial success, with little depiction of the hazards of drinking. Moreover, alcohol content is easily accessible via new (digital) media platforms such as social media and YouTube which are highly interactive, allowing for user engagement through exchange and manipulation of information. Adolescents are high consumers of media and with the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, youth have anytime, anywhere, on-demand access to media alcohol content. Yet, virtually no information is known about in vivo exposure to such content in terms of frequency/duration, medium/format, and context. Study Aim 1 will quantify and characterize in vivo exposure to alcohol content in entertainment media (film, TV, popular music) and new media (social media, YouTube, internet, video gaming). Aim 2 will examine bi-directional prospective associations between in vivo exposure to alcohol media content and alcohol use across short-term and longer-term timeframes and Aim 3 will identify mechanisms of this association; an exploratory aim will test moderation of these associations by key individual and contextual risk factors. Etiological research points to several cognitive and social mechanisms underlying the association between in vivo media alcohol exposure and drinking, including perceived norms, cognitions (expectancies, drinker prototypes), identity, and attitudes (favorability, evaluative conditioning). Using a 3-wave measurement burst design, 300 youth age 15-18 will complete a 3-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol using a Smartphone app. Participants will be asked to provide event-level information upon encountering alcohol content and if possible, to upload a screenshot, photo, or text description of the exposure. Event surveys are paired with random-prompted EMA surveys as well as weekly surveys assessing alcohol use and longer surveys prior to each burst to measure risk factors and media utilization. Existing media intervention programs are unequipped to handle new media, fail to target adolescents, a group arguably at greatest need for intervention, and do not target media as it is experienced in vivo on portable devices. Fine- grained ecological studies such as this are needed to shape the content of just-in-time (JiT) interventions and to inform the best timing of intervention delivery, with the goal of producing reductions in underage alcohol use. In Aim 4, focus groups with a subset (n=48) of participants will provide understanding of the perceived impact of alcohol-related media content on behavior and cognitions to inform intervention development. This project uses a timely ecological approach to answer the fundamental question of how media alcohol content elevates underage drinking risk to optimally inform next steps in preventive media literacy intervention research.