Understanding Adolescent In-Vivo Exposure to Alcohol Content in the Media

摘要 开始饮酒通常发生在法定饮酒年龄之前，这一点令人担忧，因为早期饮酒 与短期和长期的不良后果有关，包括急性和长期的神经生物学影响。 对于年轻人来说，媒体是了解酒精的主要来源。娱乐媒体频频亮相 提供有关酒精的图片和参考资料，将酒精使用与社交、性和经济联系起来 成功，几乎没有描述饮酒的危害。此外，酒精含量很容易通过新的 (数字)媒体平台，如社交媒体和YouTube，具有高度互动性，允许用户 通过交换和操纵信息进行接触。青少年是媒体的高消费者 随着智能手机和平板电脑的激增，年轻人可以随时随地按需访问 媒体酒精含量。然而，几乎没有关于体内暴露于这种内容的信息，就以下方面而言 频率/持续时间、媒体/格式和上下文。研究目标1将量化和表征体内暴露于 娱乐媒体(电影、电视、流行音乐)和新媒体(社交媒体、YouTube、 互联网、视频游戏)。AIM 2将研究体内暴露于 短期和长期时间范围内的酒精介质含量和酒精使用情况以及目标3将确定 这种关联的机制；一个探索性的目标将测试关键个人对这些关联的调节 和背景风险因素。病因学研究指出了几种认知和社会机制 体内媒体酒精暴露与饮酒之间的关系，包括感知规范、认知 (期望值、饮酒者原型)、身份认同和态度(支持性、评价性条件反射)。使用3波 测量突发设计，300名15-18岁青少年将完成为期3周的生态瞬时评估 使用智能手机应用程序的(EMA)协议。参赛者将被要求提供活动级别的信息 遇到酒精含量，如果可能，上传屏幕截图、照片或文字描述暴露。 事件调查与随机提示的EMA调查以及每周评估酒精的调查相结合 在每次突发事件之前使用更长时间的调查来衡量风险因素和媒体利用率。现有媒体 干预计划没有装备来应对新媒体，未能针对青少年，这一群体可以说是 最需要干预，不要针对媒体，因为它是在便携式设备上的活体体验。好的- 需要像这样的细粒度生态研究来塑造即时(JIT)干预的内容，并 告知提供干预的最佳时机，目的是减少未成年人饮酒。 在目标4中，一个参与者子集(n=48)的焦点小组将提供对感知影响的理解 关于行为和认知的与酒精相关的媒体内容，为干预发展提供信息。这个项目 用及时的生态方法回答了媒体酒精含量如何上升的根本问题 未成年饮酒风险，以便为下一步预防性媒体素养干预研究提供最佳信息。

ABSTRACT Initiation of alcohol use typically occurs well before the legal drinking age, which is concerning as early use is associated with short and long-term adverse outcomes including acute and prolonged neurobiological effects. For youth, the media constitutes a primary source of learning about alcohol. Entertainment media frequently features images of and references to alcohol, associating alcohol use with social, sexual, and financial success, with little depiction of the hazards of drinking. Moreover, alcohol content is easily accessible via new (digital) media platforms such as social media and YouTube which are highly interactive, allowing for user engagement through exchange and manipulation of information. Adolescents are high consumers of media and with the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, youth have anytime, anywhere, on-demand access to media alcohol content. Yet, virtually no information is known about in vivo exposure to such content in terms of frequency/duration, medium/format, and context. Study Aim 1 will quantify and characterize in vivo exposure to alcohol content in entertainment media (film, TV, popular music) and new media (social media, YouTube, internet, video gaming). Aim 2 will examine bi-directional prospective associations between in vivo exposure to alcohol media content and alcohol use across short-term and longer-term timeframes and Aim 3 will identify mechanisms of this association; an exploratory aim will test moderation of these associations by key individual and contextual risk factors. Etiological research points to several cognitive and social mechanisms underlying the association between in vivo media alcohol exposure and drinking, including perceived norms, cognitions (expectancies, drinker prototypes), identity, and attitudes (favorability, evaluative conditioning). Using a 3-wave measurement burst design, 300 youth age 15-18 will complete a 3-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol using a Smartphone app. Participants will be asked to provide event-level information upon encountering alcohol content and if possible, to upload a screenshot, photo, or text description of the exposure. Event surveys are paired with random-prompted EMA surveys as well as weekly surveys assessing alcohol use and longer surveys prior to each burst to measure risk factors and media utilization. Existing media intervention programs are unequipped to handle new media, fail to target adolescents, a group arguably at greatest need for intervention, and do not target media as it is experienced in vivo on portable devices. Fine- grained ecological studies such as this are needed to shape the content of just-in-time (JiT) interventions and to inform the best timing of intervention delivery, with the goal of producing reductions in underage alcohol use. In Aim 4, focus groups with a subset (n=48) of participants will provide understanding of the perceived impact of alcohol-related media content on behavior and cognitions to inform intervention development. This project uses a timely ecological approach to answer the fundamental question of how media alcohol content elevates underage drinking risk to optimally inform next steps in preventive media literacy intervention research.