Nuclear functions co-opted by human rhinovirus during replication in the cytoplasm of infected cells

小核糖核酸病毒引起一系列重大的人类和动物疾病，包括小儿麻痹症、肝炎、 脑炎、心肌炎和普通感冒。因为它们是所有RNA中基因最简单的 病毒，小核糖核酸病毒家族的成员必须篡夺宿主细胞的功能，并修改细胞质 促进病毒翻译、RNA复制和病毒粒子生物发生的环境。在众多方式中， 微小核糖核酸病毒通过将其从细胞核重新定位到病毒所在的细胞质来改变宿主细胞的功能 进行复制。核与细胞质分离的主要过程导致 在真核生物中表达蛋白质编码基因需要一个复杂的运输过程，使RNA和 蛋白质在这两个细胞隔间之间移动。PicorNaviridae家族是几种病毒之一 破坏细胞核质运输以促进病毒复制的家族。病毒增殖 需要宿主RNA结合蛋白的活性，这些蛋白在细胞基因表达中正常发挥作用，并 主要定位于细胞核。小核糖核酸病毒改变核质运输以利用这些和其他 核蛋白随后被输送到细胞质，以促进病毒的有效复制。我们的 最近发表的对人鼻病毒感染细胞中细胞核和细胞质蛋白质组的分析已经 确定了在感染期间重新定位到细胞质的一大批核蛋白的身份。 在这一应用中，提出了最先进的分子和细胞生物学实验来确定 这种蛋白重新分布对人鼻病毒复制的功能意义，重点是核RNA 参与mRNA剪接/加工和3‘端多聚腺苷化的结合蛋白。蛋白质的全球分析 用定量质谱仪测定不同人肺细胞株鼻病毒感染过程中的分布 旨在揭示可能针对呼吸道细胞类型的新的病毒-宿主相互作用。来自这些的结果 研究应该揭示新的机制洞察像人类鼻病毒这样的呼吸道病毒如何 特定的宿主核功能以及这些功能如何被改变或改变用途以用于病毒的特定步骤 复制。对这种相互作用的详细了解，特别是在宿主蛋白之间的基本界面 和病毒蛋白质和/或病毒RNA序列，有望揭示抗病毒治疗的新靶点。

Picornaviruses cause a wide range of significant human and animal diseases, including poliomyelitis, hepatitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and the common cold. Since they are among the most genetically simple of all RNA viruses, members of the picornavirus family must usurp host cell functions and modify the cytoplasmic environment to facilitate viral translation, RNA replication, and virion biogenesis. Among the many ways that picornaviruses alter host cell functions is by re-localizing them from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where viral replication takes place. The nuclear versus cytoplasmic separation of the major processes that lead to the expression of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes requires a complex transport process that allows RNAs and proteins to move between these two cellular compartments. The Picornaviridae family is one of several virus families that disrupt the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of cells to promote viral replication. Viral proliferation requires the activity of host RNA-binding proteins that normally function in cellular gene expression and are primarily localized to the nucleus. Picornaviruses alter nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking to exploit these and other nuclear proteins that are subsequently delivered to the cytoplasm to facilitate efficient viral replication. Our recently-published analysis of the nuclear versus cytoplasmic proteome in human rhinovirus-infected cells has established the identities of a large cohort of nuclear proteins that re-localize to the cytoplasm during infection. In this application, state-of-the-art molecular and cell biology experiments are proposed to determine the functional significance of this protein redistribution on human rhinovirus replication, focusing on nuclear RNA binding proteins involved in mRNA splicing/processing and 3’ polyadenylation. A global analysis of protein distribution during rhinovirus infection of different human lung cell lines by quantitative mass spectrometry is also proposed to uncover novel virus-host interactions that may be respiratory cell-type specific. Results from these studies should reveal novel mechanistic insights into how a respiratory virus like human rhinovirus co-opts specific host nuclear functions and how these functions are altered or re-purposed for specific steps in viral replication. Detailed knowledge of such interactions, particularly at essential interfaces between host proteins and viral proteins and/or viral RNA sequences, promises to reveal new targets for antiviral therapies.